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MEH > EH 9 Intro To Endocrine System And Appetite > Flashcards

EH 9 Intro To Endocrine System And Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

The maintenance of a stable environment within a dynamic equilibrium using negative feedback systems

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2
Q

Features of a control system

A

1- stimulus
2- receptors
Afferent pathway
3- control centre
Efferent pathway
4- effector
Negative feeback

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3
Q

What detects position and movement?

A

Proprioreceptors

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4
Q

What detects dangerous stimuli?

A

Nociceptors

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5
Q

What does the control centre do and where is it located?

A

Hypothalamus + pituitary gland
Determines set point
Analyses afferent input
Determines response

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6
Q

How do biological rhythms arise?

A

Set points varying over time

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7
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus and what does it set?

A

Biological clock in hypothalamus
Sets the circadian/diurnal rhythm

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8
Q

What does melatonin set and where is released from?

A

Circadian/diurnal rhythm
Pineal gland

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9
Q

What are zeitgebers?
Examples

A

Environmental cues
Examples: lights, temp, exercise

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10
Q

Hormone definition

A

Molecule secreted by endocrine gland into bloodstream to act on distant target cells

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11
Q

What conc. are horomones in the blood?

A

Very low concentration

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12
Q

Four classifications of hormones

A

Peptide
Glycoproteins
Amino acid devrivatives
Steroids

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13
Q

What classifications of hormones are water soluble/

A

Glycoproteins
Peptide
Some amino acid derivative - (nor)adrenaline

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14
Q

What classifications of hormones are lipid soluble?

A

Steroids
Some amino acid derivatives-thyroid hormone

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15
Q

Describe peptide hormones + examples

A

Water soluble
Free in plasma
Examples: insulin, glucagon growth hormone

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16
Q

Describe Glycoproteins hormones + examples

A

Water soluble
Free in plasma
Examples- LH, FSH, TSH

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17
Q

Describe Amino acid derivatives hormones + examples

A
  • (Nor)adrenaline - water soluble - free in plasma
  • Thyroid horomone - lipid soluble - bound to carrier protein TBG
  • melatonin
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18
Q

Describe Steroid hormones + examples

A

Lipid soluble
Derived from cholesterol
Bound to carrier proteins
Examples- cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, oestrogen

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19
Q

How are water soluble hormones transported in the blood?

A

Free in plasma

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20
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones transported in blood?

A

Bound to carrier proteins

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21
Q

Role of carrier proteins

A

Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
Transports lipid soluble hormones in blood
Increase half life
Readily accessible reverse

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22
Q

Endocrine communication

A

Hormone released into blood and carried to distant target cells

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23
Q

Neurocrine communication

A

Hormone transported down axon from neurone + released into blood to distant target cell

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24
Q

Paracrine communication

A

Hormone carried short distance to adjacent ell via interstitial fluid

25
Q

Autocrine communication

A

Hormone acts back on original cell

26
Q

In what type of communication does the hormone act back on original cell?

A

Autocrine

27
Q

In what type of communication does the hormone act on adjacent cells via interstitial fluid?

A

Paracrine

28
Q

In what communication does the hormone travel down the axon from the neurone?

A

Neurocrine

29
Q

In what communication does the horomone travel in the blood to distant target cells?

A

Endocrine
Neurocrine

30
Q

Factors determining hormone levels

A
  • rate of production - synthesis and secretion
  • rate of delivery - increased blood flow = increased hormone delivers
  • rate of degradation - metabolism + excretion
31
Q

Are lipid or water hormone receptors faster?

A

Water- triggers mechanism already set out

32
Q

Where do water soluble hormones bind to?

A

Can’t pass through plasma membrane
Bind to extra cellular/cell surface receptors

33
Q

Two extracellular receptors

A

G protein coupled receptor
Tyrosine kinase

34
Q

How does G protein coupled receptor initiate a response?

A

1- binding of hormone to receptor
2- dissociation of G protein alpha subunit
3- activation of effector protein
4- formation of secondary messenger
5- activation of protein kinase
6-phosphorylation of target proteins
7- cellular response

35
Q

How does tyrosine kinase initiate a response?

A

1- hormone binds to receptor
2- dimerisation
3- autophosphorylatio of tyrosines
4- activation of protein kinase
5- phosphorylation of target protein
6- cellular response

36
Q

What receptors do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

Can pass through plasma membrane
Bind to intracellular receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
Modulate gene transcription

37
Q

How to lipid soluble hormones initiate a response?

A

1- hormone bind to receptor
2- receptor bind to DNA sequence with HRE- hormone response element
3- expression of new protein mediates effect of hormone
DNA > mRNA > new protein > cellular response

38
Q

What is the appetite control centre?

A

Arcuate nucleus

39
Q

What controls the feeling of fullness?

A

Satiety centre

40
Q

Where is the satiety centre?

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Nuclei meaning in hypothalamus

A

Several clusters of neurones

42
Q

What do excitatory/stimulators neurones in the arcuate centre do?

A

Promote hunger
Via NPY and AgRP

43
Q

What does the inhibitory neurone in the arcuate centre do?

A

Suppresses appetite
Via release of POMC > alpha MSH and beta endorphin
Promote satiety

44
Q

What do primary neurones on the arcuate centre do?

A

Sense metabolite and hormone levels

45
Q

What do secondary neurones do?

A

Receive inputs from primary neurones
Co-ordinate an appropriate response via vagus nerve

46
Q

What nerve do secondary neurones express a response via?

A

Vagus nerve

47
Q

What hormone stimulates appetite?

A

Ghrelin - ‘growling’

48
Q

What hormones suppress appetite?

A

PYY - peptide tyrosine tyrosine
Leptin
Insulin
Amylin

49
Q

Ghrelin

A

Stimulates appetite
Released from stomach wall when empty
Filling of stomach inhibits release

50
Q

Ghrelin effect on arcuate nucleus

A

Stimulates excitatory neurones
Stimulates appetite

51
Q

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine PYY

A

Suppresses appetite
Released by ileum and colon - small intestine

52
Q

PYY effect on arcuate nucleus

A

Stimulates inhibitory neurones
Inhibits excitatory neurones

53
Q

Leptin

A

Suppresses appetite
Released into blood by adipocytes

54
Q

Leptin effect on arcuate nucleus

A

Stimulates inhibitory neurones
Inhibits excitatory neurones

55
Q

Insulin

A

Suppresses appetite
Released by beta cells in pancreas

56
Q

Amylin

A

Suppresses appetite
Released by beta cells in pancreas
Decrease glucagon secretion
Slows gastric emptying

57
Q

When is are cortisol levels at the highest?

A

8am

58
Q

What hormones effect appetite from the gut?

A

Ghrelin - stimulates
PYY - suppresses

59
Q

What hormones effect appetite from the body?

A

Leptin
Amylin
Insulin
Suppress appetite

MEH (23 decks)

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