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MEH > 12 The Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

12 The Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sections of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis

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2
Q

What is released from the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralcorticoids
E.g. aldosterone

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3
Q

What does the Zona fasiculata release?

A

Glucocorticoids
E.g. CORTISOL, corticosterone, cortisone

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4
Q

What does the Zona reticularis release?

A

Glucocorticoids + Androgens-sex hormones

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5
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

From cholesterol
In adrenal glands and gonads

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6
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

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7
Q

Adrenal gland structure

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla

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8
Q

What cells produce adrenaline and nor adrenaline?

A

Chromaffin cells

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9
Q

What hormones are released in the medulla?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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10
Q

How to remember what is secreted by the layers of the cortex?

A

The deeper you go the sweeter it gets
Salt sugar sex

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11
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

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12
Q

What do steroid hormones regulate?

A

Gene transcription

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13
Q

What is aldosterone and where is it released form?

A

Mineralcorticoid
Zona glomerulosa - outer layer of cortex

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14
Q

How is aldosterone transported?

A

Steroid hormone so by carrier proteins:
Serum albumin mainly
Transcortin

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15
Q

Aldosterone function

A
  • regulation of plasma Na+, K+
  • regulation of arterial BP
  • promotes expression of Na+/K+ pump - NA+ in, K+ out - influences water retention, blood volume and BP
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16
Q

How does aldosterone exert its actions?

A

Regulating gene transcription

17
Q

Actions of angiotensin II

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • stimulation of adrenal cortex - aldosterone released causing increased expression of Na+/K+ so increased water reabsorption
  • stimulation of posterior pituitary - ADH released causing more aquaporins in nephron so increased water reabsorption
18
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

Carrier protein- transcortin

19
Q

How does cortisol exert its actions?

A

Regulating gene transcription

20
Q

Actions of cortisol

A
  • increased protein breakdown in muscles
  • increased lipolysis in fats
  • increased gluconeogensis in liver
  • resistance to stress
  • anti-inflammatory effects
  • depression of immune response
21
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids on metabolism

A
  • increased glucose production (in liver)
  • breakdown of protein (in muscle)
  • redistribution of fat
22
Q

Effects of cortisol in liver

A
  • increased gluconeogensis
  • increased glycogen storage due to increased glucose production
23
Q

Effects of cortisol of muscle
What does it inhibit?

A

Increased protein degradation
Inhibits insulin induced GLUT 4 translocation - prevents glucose uptake

24
Q

Where is the GLUT 4 transporter found?

A

Striated muscle and adipose

25
Q

Effects of cortisol on adipose

A

Increased lypolysis
Decreased glucose utilisation

26
Q

What is the only source of oestrogen for women after menopause?

A

Adrenal androgens converted in oestrogen

27
Q

What do chromaffin cels act as?

A

Postganglionic nerve fibres

28
Q

What do chromaffin cells lack?

A

Axons

29
Q

Hormonal action of adrenaline on the heart, lungs + blood vessels including the receptors involved

A

Heart - increased HR and contractibility (B1)
Lungs - bronchodilation (B2)
Blood vessels - vasoconstriction in high level (a1) + vasodilation in circulating level (B2)

30
Q

How to remember which receptors are in heart and lungs

A

1 heart 2 lungs
Heart B1
Lungs B2

31
Q

How is noradrenaline converted to adrenaline

A

Enzyme N-methyl transferase

32
Q

What is POMC a precursor of?

A

a-MSH
ACTH
B-endorphins

33
Q

Outline QISS receptors

A
  • Q : a1: stimulates DAG + IP3
  • I : a2: inhibits adenylyl cyclase > reduces cAMP + PKA
  • S : B1: activates adenylyl cyclase > increases cAMP > activates PKA
  • S : B2: activates adenylyl cyclase > increases cAMP > activates PKA

MEH (23 decks)

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