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Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Nutrition, Diet And Body Weight (S1L1) > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet And Body Weight (S1L1) Flashcards

1
Q

“The capacity to do work” defines what?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What form of energy do cells use to to drive energy requiring activities?

A

Chemical bond energy

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3
Q

What is the unit of food energy?

A

Kilojoule (kJ)

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4
Q

What does calorie mean in everyday use?

A

Kilocalorie

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5
Q

1 kcal = how many Kilojoules?

A

4.2

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6
Q

List the essential components of the diet

A

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins, water, fibre

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7
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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8
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit

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9
Q

How many carbon atoms does glucose have?

A

6

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10
Q

Give examples of major dietary carbohydrates

A

Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, glucose, maltose, glycogen

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11
Q

What is glycogen a polymer of?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Lactose is a milk sugar. It is a disaccharide composed of what?

A

Galactose-Glucose

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13
Q

Is sucrose a glucose-fructose disaccharide?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What does digestion do?

A

Converts larger carbohydrates to monosaccharides which are absorbed into the blood.

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15
Q

There are 30 different amino acids used for protein synthesis in the body. True or false?

A

False- there are 20

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16
Q

What does “essential amino acid” mean?

A

They cannot be synthesised by the body, so must be obtained from diet

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17
Q

Certain amino acids are conditionally essential. What does this mean?

A

They are needed during periods of rapid growth

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18
Q

There are 9 essential amino acids. What are they? (If Learned, This, Huge, List, May, Prove, Truly, Valuable)

A

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine

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19
Q

Why are proteins of animal origin considered higher quality than those of plant origin?

A

They contain all essential amino acids. Those of plant origin are usually deficient in one or more essential aas

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20
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Triacylglycerols - 3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol

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21
Q

What is a key feature of saturated fats?

A

No double bonds

22
Q

Does fat yield more or less energy in comparison to carbs when oxidised?

A

More

23
Q

Fat is required for absorption of what vitamins from the gut?

A

A, D, E and K

24
Q

What minerals are electrolytes that establish ion gradients across membranes?

A

Sodium, Potassium and Chloride

25
Q

What are the vitamins B12 and folate needed for?

A

DNA synthesis

26
Q

Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to what?

A

Scurvy

27
Q

Niacin deficiency can lead to the 3 D’s. What are they?

A

Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea

28
Q

Dietary fibre can be found in what types of food?

A

Cereal foods- bread, beans, fruit, veg

29
Q

Like starch and glycogen, cellulose is a polymer of what?

A

Glucose

30
Q

Why can’t cellulose be broken down by humans?

A

We do not have the required enzymes to break down the beta-1,4 linkages in cellulose

31
Q

Fibre is required for the functioning of what?

A

GI tract

32
Q

Low fibre intake is associated with what?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

33
Q

High fibre diet can reduce or increase cholesterol?

A

Reduce

34
Q

What are Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)?

A

Estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population

35
Q

The Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) is used for protein, vitamins and minerals. True or false?

A

True

36
Q

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is used for what?

A

Energy

37
Q

Nutrient requirements depend on 3 main things. What are they?

A

Age, gender and level of physical activity

38
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure of a 70kg adult male?

A

approx 12,000 kJ/day

39
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure of a 58kg adult female?

A

approx 9,500 kJ/day

40
Q

Basal metabolic rate maintains…

A

resting activities of the body

41
Q

Daily energy expenditure is the sum of what?

A

Basal metabolic rate, diet- induced thermogenesis, physical activity level

42
Q

Long term energy stores are found in what tissue type?

A

adipose, approx 40 days worth

43
Q

Under extreme conditions, what can be converted to energy?

A

Muscle proteins

44
Q

Define obesity

A

The excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

45
Q

What is the equation for BMI?

A

Weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

46
Q

Underweight BMI?

A

M and F < 18.5

47
Q

Desirable weight BMI?

A

M and F 18.5 - 24.9

48
Q

Overweight BMI?

A

M and F 25 - 29.9

49
Q

Obese BMI?

A

M and F 30 - 34.9

50
Q

Severely obese BMI?

A

M and F > 35

51
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Damage from a low energy intake. Including deficiency diseases of other nutrients.

52
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Oedema that occurs particularly in the abdomen, due to low protein such as albumin in the blood

Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (7 decks)

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