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Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Energy production 1 (S1L2) > Flashcards

Energy production 1 (S1L2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1st stage of catabolism?

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates to building block molecules (monosaccharides)

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2
Q

What enzyme, present in saliva, breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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3
Q

What are smaller subunits of carbohydrates (starch/glycogen) called?

A

Dextrins

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4
Q

The pancreas produces an enzyme that helps in the breakdown process- what is it called?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

What are disaccharidases attached to?

A

The brush boarder membrane of epithelial cells

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6
Q

What is the role of disaccharidases?

A

Break down disaccharides into their constituent sugars

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7
Q

Lactase and sucrase are enzymes active in the small intestine. Name two others.

A

Pancreatic amylase and isomaltase

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8
Q

When does metabolism start?

A

When the nutrients have been absorbed

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9
Q

Lactose is present in milk products and also..

A

Many processed foods

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10
Q

Primary lactase deficiency involves the absence of what?

A

The lactase persistence allele

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11
Q

Primary lactase deficiency only occurs in adults. True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Is secondary lactase deficiency genetic in origin?

A

No - caused by injury to small intestine

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13
Q

Secondary lactase deficiency is irreversible. True or false?

A

False

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14
Q

What is congenital lactase deficiency?

A

An autosomal recessive defect in lactase gene

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15
Q

Name the transporter that takes glucose into the intestinal epithelial cells.

A

SGLT1

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16
Q

What is co-transported at the same time as glucose?

A

2 Na+

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17
Q

After entering into intestinal epithelial cells, glucose enters the blood stream via what?

A

GLUT2 transporter

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18
Q

The GLUT family operate through active transport. True or false?

A

False - facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

The are two sides to intestinal epithelial cells- what are they?

A

Apical and basolateral

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20
Q

GLUT2 is found in the small intestine and kidney. Name two other places.

A

Liver and pancreatic beta cells

21
Q

What is the name of the insulin regulated glucose transporter?

A

GLUT4

22
Q

The standard blood glucose concentration level is what?

A

5mM

23
Q

Can all tissues metabolise glucose?

A

Yes

24
Q

What does an absolute requirement for glucose mean?

A

Glucose is essential as energy cannot be metabolised from any other source.

25
Q

Which cells have an absolute requirement for glucose?

A

RBCs, neutrophils, innermost cells of kidney medulla and lens of the eye

26
Q

What do RBCs NOT have that means they can only get energy from glycolysis?

A

mitochondria

27
Q

GLUT2 is the primary glucose transporter in the brain. True or false?

A

False- GLUT3

28
Q

The brain prefers glucose as a fuel. What can it also use in times of starvation?

A

Ketone bodies (but requires time to adapt to the condition)

29
Q

Outline stage 2 of catabolism

A
  • breakdown to metabolic intermediates

- release of reducing power and energy

30
Q

Glycolysis can be broken down to two phases. What are they called?

A

Investment phase and payback phase

31
Q

The net gain in glycolysis is 4 ATP. True or False?

A

False. The net gain is 2 ATP

32
Q

Is there any loss of carbon molecules in the process of glycolysis?

A

No: glucose C6 goes to 2 pyruvate C3

33
Q

Glycolysis does not require oxygen to proceed. True or false?

A

True

34
Q

There are 3 key enzymes we need to know. What are they?

A

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase

35
Q

The phosphorylation of glucose to G-6-P does what to glucose?

A

Makes it more neg charged, preventing passage back across plasma membrane

36
Q

Glucose to G-6P and fructose-6-P to fructose 1,6-bis-P have a key commonality…

A

They are irreversible

37
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced via glycolysis?

A

2

38
Q

The transfer of Pi to ADP to give ATP is called..

A

substrate level phosphorylation

39
Q

There are four irreversible steps of glycolysis. True or false?

A

False, there are three

40
Q

Does cancer increase or decrease the rate of glycolysis?

A

Increase

41
Q

Name the key enzyme regulator in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

42
Q

Is PFK regulated allosterically or hormonally?

A

Both

43
Q

Glycolysis produces an intermediate that, when modified, regulates Hb O2 affinity. What is this intermediate?

A

1,3-bis phosphoglycerate

44
Q

What intermediate of glycolysis is important in the synthesis of fat?

A

Dihydroxyacetone-P

45
Q

When there is a low oxygen supply or no mitochondria, NAD+ is regenerated via what enzyme?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

46
Q

Lactic acidosis occurs above what level of plasma lactate?

A

5 mM

47
Q

Can the kidneys still excrete lactate during the state of hyperlactaemia?

A

Yes

48
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of what sugars?

A

Galactose and glucose

Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (7 decks)

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