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ESA 1 - Metabolism > Nutrition, Diet, and Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet, and Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breaking down of molecules to release energy and reducing power

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The use of energy, reducing power, and raw materials to make molecules for growth and maintenance

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3
Q

Assuming moderate physical activitity, what is the daily energy expenditure of a 70kg adult male?

A

12,000kJ

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4
Q

Assuming moderate physical activitity, what is the daily energy expenditure of a 58kg adult female?

A

9,500kJ

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5
Q

What are the components of daily energy expenditure?

A
  • Basal metabolic rate
  • Energy required for voluntary physical exercise
  • Diet-induced thermogenesis

*

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6
Q

Define basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy used to support our basal metabolism

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7
Q

What is diet-induced thermogenesis?

A

Energy we require to process the food we eat

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8
Q

What are the essential components of the diet?

A
  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Water
  • Fibre
  • Minerals and vitamins
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9
Q

Are fats essential as an energy source?

A

No

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10
Q

How does the energy yield from fats differ from carbohdyrates and proteins?

A

The energy yield of fats is 2.2 times greater

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11
Q

What are fats necessary for the absorption of?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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12
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

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13
Q

Give two essential fatty acids

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
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14
Q

What is the importance of essential fatty acids?

A

They are structural components of cells membranes, and precusors of eicosanoids

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15
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Important regulatory molecules

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16
Q

What are amino acids the product of?

A

Digestion of proteins

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17
Q

What are amino acids used in?

A

The synthesis of essential N-containing compounds

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18
Q

Give 3 N-containing compounds

A
  • Creatine
  • Nucleotides
  • Haem
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19
Q

How much protein is degraded a day?

A

About 35g

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20
Q

How is protein excreted in urine?

A

As urea

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21
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

When N2 intake = N2 loss

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22
Q

What is the average daily protein requirement of an adult male to maintain nitrogen balance?

A

35g

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23
Q

What is meant by an essential amino acid?

A

One that cannot be synthesised in the body, and so must come from dietary protein

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24
Q

What is the importance of carbohydrates?

A

They are the major energy-containing component of the diet

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25
Q

How much energy is provided by carbohydrates?

A

17kJ/g

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26
Q

What % of an adults body weight is water?

A

50-60%

27
Q

What % of a childs body weight is water?

A

70%

28
Q

What % of an elderly/obese peoples body weight is water?

A

50%

29
Q

What is the average water loss per day?

A

2.5litres

30
Q

How is water loss from the body?

A
  • Urine
  • Expired air
  • Skin
  • Faeces
31
Q

How much water is lost in the urine per day?

A

1,500ml

32
Q

How much water is lost in expired air per day?

A

400ml

33
Q

How much water is lost by the skin per day?

A

500ml

34
Q

How much water is lost in faeces per day?

A

100ml

35
Q

How is water gained in the body?

A
  • Cellular metabolism
  • Drinking
36
Q

How much water does cellular metabolism produce?

A

350ml

37
Q

What is fibre?

A

Non-digestible plant material

38
Q

What is fibre important for?

A

Normal bowel function

39
Q

Give an example of a fibre

A

Cellulose

40
Q

What are the types of vitamins and minerals?

A
  • Water-soluble
  • Lipid-soluble
41
Q

What is associated with the absence of minerals and vitamins?

A

Deficiency diseases

42
Q

Why does starvation in adults lead to loss of weight?

A

Due to loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting

43
Q

What do adults who are starving complain of?

A
  • Cold
  • Muscle weakness
44
Q

Where are infections are common in starvation?

A
  • Lungs
  • GI tract
45
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Protein energy malnutrition

46
Q

Who is marasmus most commonly seen in?

A

Children under the age of 5

47
Q

What are the symptoms of marasmus?

A
  • Appears emaciated, with no obvious signs of muscle wasting, but loss of body fat
  • Hair thin and dry
  • Diarrhoea
  • Anaemia
48
Q

Is there oedema in marasmus?

A

No

49
Q

Who does kwashiorkor typically occur in?

A

A young child displaced from breastfeeding by a new baby

50
Q

What features of the diet will lead to kwashiorkor?

A

Some carbohydrate, but very low protein content

51
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A
  • Apathy
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Distended abdomen
  • Generalised oedema
  • Anaemia
52
Q

What causes the distended abdomen in kwashiorkor?

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Ascites
53
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

54
Q

Why is there generalised oedema in kwashiorkor?

A

Due to low serum albumin

55
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height2 (m)

56
Q

What BMI is considered to be underweight?

A

<18.5

57
Q

What BMI is considered to be in the desirable range?

A

18.5 - 24.9

58
Q

What BMI is considered to be overweight?

A

25 - 29.9

59
Q

What BMI is considered to be obese?

A

30 - 34.9

60
Q

What BMI is considered to be severely obese?

A

>35

61
Q

What is meant by obesity?

A

When excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health

62
Q

What adverse effects on health might obesity have?

A
  • Reduced life expectancy
  • Increased health problems
63
Q

What is body weight determined by?

A

The difference between the input of substances into the body, and the output of substances and energy from the body

ESA 1 - Metabolism (6 decks)

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