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ESA 1 - Metabolism > Energy Production > Flashcards

Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell metabolised defined as?

A

The highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells

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2
Q

What does the network of chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism consist of?

A

A number of distinct chemical pathways (metabolic pathways) which link together

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3
Q

Do the metabolic pathways occur in all cells?

A

Some do, whilst others are confined to cells with specific functions

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4
Q

What is produced from cell metabolism of nutrients?

A
  • Energy for cell function and synthesis of cell components
  • Building block molecules
  • Organic precursor molecules
  • Biosynthetic reducing power
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5
Q

In what form is energy produced by cell metabolism?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What are the building block molecules produced by cell metabolism used for?

A

Synthesis of cell components needed for growth, maintenance, repair and division of the cell

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7
Q

What are the organic precursor molecules produced by cell metabolism used for?

A

To allow the inter-conversion of building block molecules

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8
Q

Give an example of an organic precursor molecule produced by cell metabolism

A

Acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

What is the biosynthetic reducing power produced by cell metabolism used in?

A

The synthesis of cell components

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10
Q

What molecule holds biosynthetic reducing power?

A

NADPH

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11
Q

What sources provide cells nutrients?

A
  • Diet
  • Synthesis in the body tissue
  • Release from storage
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12
Q

What can happen to cell nutrients after being metabolised?

A
  • Degradation to release energy
  • Synthesis of cell components
  • Storage
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13
Q

In what tissues can nutrients be degraded to release energy?

A

All

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14
Q

In what tissues can nutrients be used to synthesise cell components?

A

All tissues except RBCs

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15
Q

In what tissues can nutrients be metabolised to storage?

A
  • Liver
  • Adipose tissue
  • Skeletal muscle
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16
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

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17
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Where smaller molecules are built up into larger ones

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18
Q

How are catabolism and anabolism involved in cell metabolism?

A

Cell metabolism consists of pathways in which the overall reaction is catabolism linked to anabolism

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19
Q

Are catabolism pathways oxidative or reductive?

A

Oxidative

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20
Q

What is meant by catabolic pathways being oxidative?

A

They release H+ ions (reducing power)

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21
Q

What do catabolic pathways release?

A
  • Large amounts of free energy
  • Intermediary metabolites
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22
Q

Are anabolic pathways oxidative or reductive?

A

Reductive

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23
Q

What is meant by anabolic pathways being reductive?

A

They use H+ ions

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24
Q

What do anabolic pathways do?

A

Use the intermediary metabolites and energy (ATP) produced by catabolism to drive the synthesis of important cell components

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25
Q

What happens if energy intake from food is insufficient for cells function?

A

The body utilises energy stores to keep the supply of energy continuous

26
Q

What does metabolism couple?

A

The energy released from exergonic reactions to the energy required by endergonic reactions

27
Q

What is required in the coupling of exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions in metabolism?

A

An intermediate process - the ADP/ATP cycle

28
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

One that is energy releasing

29
Q

Is the Gibbs Free Energy positive or negative in exergonic reactions?

A

Negative

30
Q

Give three examples of phosphorylated compounds

A
  • Phosphonenolpyruvate
  • Creatine phosphate
  • ATP
31
Q

Why do many phosphorylated compounds have a high energy of hydrolysis?

A

Because the phosphate-phosphate bond is a high energy bond

32
Q

What is the free energy change of ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi?

A

-31 kJ/mol

33
Q

GIve an example of a cell type that might need to increase metabolic activity very quickly

A

Muscle

34
Q

What is required in cell types that need to increase metabolic activity very quickly?

A

A reserve of high energy stores that can be used immediately

35
Q

What is used as a high energy store in cells that need to increase metabolic activity very quickly?

A

Creatine phosphate

36
Q

Give the reaction whereby creatine phosphate produces energy quickly

A

Creatine phosphate + ADP <–> Creatine + ATP

37
Q

What catalyses the reaction of interconversion between creatine and creatine phosphate?

A

Creatine kinase

38
Q

What happens to creatine and creatine phosphate when ATP concentration is high?

A

The reaction towards creatine phosphate is favoured

39
Q

What are oxidative reactions?

A

When electrons are removed

40
Q

In biological terms, what are oxidative reactions?

A

Removal of hydrogen atoms (H+ and e-)

41
Q

What happens to the removal hydrogen atoms in biological oxidative reactions?

A

They immediately react with something else

42
Q

What is the result of the hydrogen atoms removed in biological oxidative reactions immediately reacting with something else?

A

It makes the whole reaction a redox reaction

43
Q

What happens when fuel molecules are oxidised in catabolism?

A

Hydrogen atoms are transferred to carrier molecules

44
Q

What do the hydrogen carrier molecules carry?

A

Reducing power

45
Q

What kind of molecules are hydrogen carriers?

A

Complex molecules that contain components from B vitamins

46
Q

How are hydrogen carriers reduced?

A

By the addition of two H atoms (H+ and e-)

47
Q

What happens to the H+ on carrier molecules in solution?

A

It dissociates

48
Q

Does the total number of oxidised and reduced carriers vary?

A

No, it is constant

49
Q

Give three hydrogen carriers

A
  • NAD
  • NADP
  • FAD
50
Q

What is the oxidised form of NAD?

A

NAD+

51
Q

What is the reduced form of NAD?

A

NADH + H+

52
Q

What is the oxidised form of NADP?

A

NADP+

53
Q

What is the reduced form of NADP?

A

NADPH + H+

54
Q

What is the oxidised form of FAD?

A

FAD

55
Q

What is the reduced form of FAD?

A

FAD2H

56
Q

When are catabolic pathways generally activated?

A

When the concentration of ATP falls, and concentrations of ADP/AMP increase

57
Q

When do anabolic pathways tend to be activated?

A

When the concentration of ATP rises

58
Q

Why is ATP known as a high energy signal?

A

Because it signals that the cell has adequate energy levels for its immediate needs

59
Q

Other than ATP, what else are high energy signals?

A
  • NADH
  • NADPH
  • FAD2H
60
Q

Why are NADH, NADPH, and FAD2H high energy signals?

A

Because high concentrations of these molecules mean reducing power is available for anabolism

61
Q

What molecules are low-energy signals?

A
  • ADP and AMP
  • NAD+
  • NADP+
  • FAD

ESA 1 - Metabolism (6 decks)

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