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ESA 1 - Metabolism > Homeostasis and Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Biological Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

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2
Q

What do homeostatic mechanisms act to do?

A

Counteract the changes in the internal environment

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3
Q

At what level does homeostasis occur?

A

All levels -

  • Cellular
  • Organ/system
  • Whole body
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4
Q

What factors does homeostasis control?

A
  • Supply of nutrients
  • Supply of oxygen
  • Blood flow
  • Body temperature
  • Removal of waste
  • Control of CO2
  • pH
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5
Q

What does failure of homeostasis lead to?

A

Disease

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6
Q

What are the components of the control systems in the body?

A
  1. Communication
  2. Control centre
  3. Receptor
  4. Effector
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7
Q

What are the main communication pathways in the body?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
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8
Q

What does the nervous system use?

A

Hormones

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9
Q

What is paracrine control?

A

Local release (via ducts/exocrine) and action

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10
Q

What is autocrine control?

A

When agents are released by a cell which affects the releasing cell

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11
Q

What can the peripheral nervous system be divided into?

A

The afferent branch (sensory input) and the efferent branch (motor output)

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12
Q

What does the control centre do?

A
  • Establishes the reference set point
  • Analyses the afferent input
  • Dtermines the appropriate response
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13
Q

Give two important control centres in the brain

A
  • Diencephalon
  • Medulla oblongata
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14
Q

Where is the dicephalon located?

A

In the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

In the brain stem

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of?

A

The endocrine system

17
Q

What are regions of the medulla involved in the control of?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Cardiovascular system
18
Q

What are receptors required for in the bodies control systems?

A

Detect stimuli such as changes in the internal environment

19
Q

Give two examples of receptors

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
20
Q

What are receptors usually made of?

A

Specialised nerve endings

21
Q

How do sensors communicate input to the control centre?

A

Via the afferent nerves

22
Q

What do effectors do?

A

Cause change

23
Q

What happens to the output produced by the control centre?

A

It is communicated via efferent pathways to the effectors

24
Q

Give an example of an effector?

A

Sweat glands, which can be activated to produce more sweat, causing heat loss

25
Q

Give an example of a control system in the body

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

26
Q

What is it called when the set point for homeostasis varies over time?

A

Biological rhythm

27
Q

Give an example of a level varies during the day

A

Level of the hormone cortisol

28
Q

When does cortisol levels reach their peak?

A

Around 7am

29
Q

When are cortisol levels at their lowest?

A

About 7pm

30
Q

What is it known as when levels vary over roughly a 24 hour cycle?

A

Circadian rhythm

31
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the circadian rhythm of cortisol?

A

The time should always be noted when taking a sample of blood for cortisol measurement, and when repeating a measurement it should be taken at the same time of day. Alternatively, the 24 hour urinary excretion of cortisol can be measured

32
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating the HPA axis

A
33
Q

What is the clinical condition of hypoactivity of the adrenal cortex called?

A

Addisons disease

34
Q

What effect does Addisons disease have on blood cortisol levels?

A

Low blood cortisol

35
Q

What is the clinical condition of hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex called?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

36
Q

What effect does Cushings syndrome have on blood cortisol?

A

High blood cortisol

37
Q

How can temperature be used as a marker of ovulation?

A

Women’s core body temperature varies during the menstural cycle, and a sudden increase in core body temperature can be used as a marker of ovulation

ESA 1 - Metabolism (6 decks)

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