Nutrition chapter 28

Question 1

• Stored in the liver
• maintenance of normal vision, especially in dim light
• maintenance of healthy epithelium
• promotion of normal skeletal and tooth development
• promotion of normal cellular proliferation

Answer 1

Vitamin A

Question 2

• night blindness
• epithelial changes such as keratinization
• follicular hyperkeratosis
• dryness of the eyes(xeropthalmia)
• inadequate tooth and bone development

Answer 2

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 3

• intestinal absorption of calcium
• mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone
• renal absorption of calcium

these effects increase the blood levels of calcium and phosphorus

Answer 3

Vitamin D

Question 4

• Rickets in children
• poor dental health
• tetany( muscle twitching and convulsions cause by low calcium)
• osteomalacia( soft bones and tendency to fracture)

Answer 4

Vitamin D deficency

Question 5

• not stored in the body

- excess is excreted in the urine

Answer 5

water soluble vitamins (B&C)

Question 6

• protection against infection
• adequate wound healing
• iron absorption
• metabolism of several important amino acids

It is an antioxidant that protects vit. A and E from excessive oxidation

Answer 6

Vitamin C

Question 7

inadequate formation of collagen (poor wound healing)

increased susceptibility to infection, retardation of growth and development, joint pain, anemia, scurvy(rare)

Answer 7

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 8

functions in carbohydrate metabolism and healthy nerve functioning and normal appetite and digestion.
Deficiency symptoms (beriberi) adversely affects the cardiac, nervous, and GI systems.

Answer 8

(B1) thiamine

Question 9

functions in protein and carbohydrate metabolism and contributes to healthy skin and normal vision.
Deficiency symptoms are cheilosis(cracking and fissures in the corner of the mouth), dermatitis, increased vascularization of the cornea, vision irregularities

Answer 9

B2 riboflavin

Question 10

involved in glycogen metabolism, tissue regeneration, fat synthesis.
Deficiency disease( pellagra) fatigue, H/A, loss of appetite, weight loss, abd. pain, dermatitis, neurologic deterioration

Answer 10

B3 niacin

Question 11

functions in the formation of RBC’s and in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It requires intrinsic factor( produced in the stomach) for absorption.
Deficiency leads to anemia
-this vitamin is found only in animal foods(eggs, milk, fish, poultry, meats)

Answer 11

B12 cyanocobalamin

Question 12

necessary for RBC formation and early in pregnancy for spine and spinal cord development.
deficiency signs are glossitis, diarrhea, macrocytic anemia, birth defects

Answer 12

folic acid

Question 13

the amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities at rest ( breathing, circulating blood, maintaining body temp)

Answer 13

basal metabolism

Question 14

=weight in lbs./ height in inches squared) x 703 or weight in kg/height2 in meters

Answer 14

BMI

Question 15

need to increase intake of calcium, calories, protein, and fluid.

Answer 15

Lactating women

Question 16

birthweight should double by 4-6 months and triple by 1 year. Breast milk provides infants with immunity against bacteria and viruses, decreases the incidence of allergies, and provides a well balanced and ideal source of nutrition.
Foods are gradually introduced into their diet according to the infants need.

Answer 16

newborns and infants

Question 17

ages 1-5 rapid period of growth. The growth rate begins to decline, and the appetite decreases as children need less food to meet normal metabolic demands. Appetite may be erratic during these years. Do not use food as a punishment, reward, bribe, or convey love. Most common deficiency is iron.

Answer 17

toddler and preschooler

Question 18

can eat larger meals less frequently. Social pressure and emotional stress can have adverse effects on a young person’s efforts to maintain a nutritionally adequate diet. Participation in sports requires additional caloric intake. Weight gain is common during the preadolescent period as the body prepares for rapid growth. Fad diets, anorexia, and bulimia is most common among adolescent girls.

Answer 18

school aged and adolescent

Question 19

growth stops and metabolism declines so adults require fewer calories. Weight gain is common. Calcium deficiency and osteoporosis is a major concern.

Answer 19

Adult

Question 20

senses of taste and smell diminish, digestion decreases, and social isolation can hinder nutrition.

Answer 20

older adults

Question 21

5% in 1 month or 10% in 6 months

Answer 21

significant weight gain or loss

Question 22

are used to determine body dimensions. In children, they are used to assess growth rate; in adults, they give indirect measurements of body protein and fat stores

Answer 22

anthropometric measurements

Question 23

performs function such as cellular transport, insulation, protection of vital organs in the form of padding, provision of energy, energy storage of adipose tissue, vitamin absorption, and transport of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

Answer 23

fat

Question 24

fats, carbs, and protein

Answer 24

provides energy

Question 25

involves the direct delivery of nutrients into the GI system, bypassing the mouth.

Answer 25

enteral nutrition

Question 26

• slow administration of of room temp. feedings helps limit GI intolerance.
• Give pt. 200 mL of free water q6h
• flush with 30-60mL of water to prevent clogging before and after.
• for a clogged tube use 30mL of water and a solution of meat tenderizer

Answer 26

tube feedings