Nutrition chapter 28 Flashcards
- Stored in the liver
- maintenance of normal vision, especially in dim light
- maintenance of healthy epithelium
- promotion of normal skeletal and tooth development
- promotion of normal cellular proliferation
Vitamin A
- night blindness
- epithelial changes such as keratinization
- follicular hyperkeratosis
- dryness of the eyes(xeropthalmia)
- inadequate tooth and bone development
Vitamin A deficiency
- intestinal absorption of calcium
- mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone
- renal absorption of calcium
these effects increase the blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
- Rickets in children
- poor dental health
- tetany( muscle twitching and convulsions cause by low calcium)
- osteomalacia( soft bones and tendency to fracture)
Vitamin D deficency
- not stored in the body
- excess is excreted in the urine
water soluble vitamins (B&C)
- protection against infection
- adequate wound healing
- iron absorption
- metabolism of several important amino acids
It is an antioxidant that protects vit. A and E from excessive oxidation
Vitamin C
inadequate formation of collagen (poor wound healing)
increased susceptibility to infection, retardation of growth and development, joint pain, anemia, scurvy(rare)
Vitamin C deficiency
functions in carbohydrate metabolism and healthy nerve functioning and normal appetite and digestion. Deficiency symptoms (beriberi) adversely affects the cardiac, nervous, and GI systems.
(B1) thiamine
functions in protein and carbohydrate metabolism and contributes to healthy skin and normal vision.
Deficiency symptoms are cheilosis(cracking and fissures in the corner of the mouth), dermatitis, increased vascularization of the cornea, vision irregularities
B2 riboflavin
involved in glycogen metabolism, tissue regeneration, fat synthesis. Deficiency disease( pellagra) fatigue, H/A, loss of appetite, weight loss, abd. pain, dermatitis, neurologic deterioration
B3 niacin
functions in the formation of RBC’s and in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It requires intrinsic factor( produced in the stomach) for absorption.
Deficiency leads to anemia
-this vitamin is found only in animal foods(eggs, milk, fish, poultry, meats)
B12 cyanocobalamin
necessary for RBC formation and early in pregnancy for spine and spinal cord development.
deficiency signs are glossitis, diarrhea, macrocytic anemia, birth defects
folic acid
the amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities at rest ( breathing, circulating blood, maintaining body temp)
basal metabolism
=weight in lbs./ height in inches squared) x 703 or weight in kg/height2 in meters
BMI
need to increase intake of calcium, calories, protein, and fluid.
Lactating women
birthweight should double by 4-6 months and triple by 1 year. Breast milk provides infants with immunity against bacteria and viruses, decreases the incidence of allergies, and provides a well balanced and ideal source of nutrition.
Foods are gradually introduced into their diet according to the infants need.
newborns and infants
ages 1-5 rapid period of growth. The growth rate begins to decline, and the appetite decreases as children need less food to meet normal metabolic demands. Appetite may be erratic during these years. Do not use food as a punishment, reward, bribe, or convey love. Most common deficiency is iron.
toddler and preschooler
can eat larger meals less frequently. Social pressure and emotional stress can have adverse effects on a young person’s efforts to maintain a nutritionally adequate diet. Participation in sports requires additional caloric intake. Weight gain is common during the preadolescent period as the body prepares for rapid growth. Fad diets, anorexia, and bulimia is most common among adolescent girls.
school aged and adolescent
growth stops and metabolism declines so adults require fewer calories. Weight gain is common. Calcium deficiency and osteoporosis is a major concern.
Adult
senses of taste and smell diminish, digestion decreases, and social isolation can hinder nutrition.
older adults
5% in 1 month or 10% in 6 months
significant weight gain or loss
are used to determine body dimensions. In children, they are used to assess growth rate; in adults, they give indirect measurements of body protein and fat stores
anthropometric measurements
performs function such as cellular transport, insulation, protection of vital organs in the form of padding, provision of energy, energy storage of adipose tissue, vitamin absorption, and transport of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
fat
fats, carbs, and protein
provides energy
involves the direct delivery of nutrients into the GI system, bypassing the mouth.
enteral nutrition
- slow administration of of room temp. feedings helps limit GI intolerance.
- Give pt. 200 mL of free water q6h
- flush with 30-60mL of water to prevent clogging before and after.
- for a clogged tube use 30mL of water and a solution of meat tenderizer
tube feedings
