Nutrition Chapter 2

Question 1

What are DRIs?

Answer 1

Dietary Reference Intakes
nutrient recommendations
Include: EARs, EERs, RDAs, AIs, ULs
differ by life stage

Question 2

What are RDAs?

Answer 2

Recommended Dietary Allowance
nutrient intake amount sufficient for 97-98% of the healthy population
Apply to individuals
Optimizes healthy

Question 3

What are EARs?

Answer 3

Estimated Average Requirements
nutrient intake amount sufficient for 50% of the healthy population
Apply to groups
Likely to not be deficient

Question 4

What are AIs?

Answer 4

Adequate Intake

nutrient intake amount set for nutrients where evidence is lacking to set an RDA

Question 5

What are ULs?

Answer 5

Tolerable Upper Intake Level
maximum amount of a nutrient you can intake without adverse effects
chronic daily use

Question 6

What are EERs?

Answer 6

Estimated Energy Requirements

estimate of the kcal intake needed to match energy use of an average person

Question 7

What is energy density?

Answer 7

kcal/g

Question 8

What is nutrient density?

Answer 8

amount of nutrient/kcal (mg/kcal)

Question 9

What are AMDRs?

Answer 9

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

provide guidance for intake of CHO, PRO, FAT

Question 10

What are DVs?

Answer 10

Daily Values
used on food labels only
comprised of RDIs and DRVs

Question 11

What are RDIs?

Answer 11

Reference Daily Intake
used for food labels
set for vitamins and minerals with an RDA

Question 12

What are DRVs?

Answer 12

Daily Reference Values
used for food labels
set for energy producing nutrients and nutrients with no established RDA

Question 13

What are the diet planning principles?

Answer 13

adequacy (enough nutrients)
balance (each food group in proper proportions)
calorie control (energy density)
nutrient density
moderation (portion size)
variety (within food groups)

Question 14

What is fortification?

Answer 14

addition of nutrients that were either not present to begin with or above what was lost during processing

Question 15

What is enrichment?

Answer 15

addition of nutrients that were lost during processing

Question 16

What are the different types of claims on food labels?

Answer 16

nutrient content claims
health claims
structure/function claims

Question 17

What are nutrient content claims?

Answer 17

describe the nutrients in a food
i.e. “low in fat” “rich in Vitamin A”
must comply with FDA regulations

Question 18

What are health claims?

Answer 18

describe a relationship between a disease and a nutrient or food
must be approved, have significant scientific agreement about validity
must use a may or might qualifier
i.e. “a diet low in sodium may reduce risk of hypertension”

Question 19

What are structure/function claims?

Answer 19

describe how a nutrient affects human body structure or function
i.e. “iron builds strong bones”
do not focus on disease reduction risk
not FDA approved

Question 20

What are DGAs? What are the 4 categories?

Answer 20

Dietary Guidelines for Americans
set every 5 years
foundation of gov't education and nutrition programs
1. balancing calories to manage weight
2. foods to reduce
3. foods to increase
4. building healthy eating patterns

Question 21

What are the key recommendations from the 2010 DGAs?

Answer 21

Consume a variety of foods.
Choose fats wisely.
Shift to more plant based foods.
Be physically active.
Increase produce, whole grains, low-fat/fat free milk products.
Significantly reduce sugars, solid fats, refined grains and sodium.

Question 22

How are the DRIs determined? When are they used?

Answer 22

Determined through observational and experimental studies.

Used to plan and assess diets for groups and individuals.

Question 23

What are some criticisms of the original food guide pyramid (1992)?

Answer 23

too much emphasis on dairy
refined vs. whole grains
not specific about what type of fats
doesn’t include physical activity

Question 24

What are some criticisms about MyPyramid?

Answer 24

more of a logo than a guide
have to go to website for details
difficult to understand the moderation aspect

Question 25

What are some criticisms of MyPlate?

Answer 25

have to go to website for details
over simplified
doesn’t discuss fats and sugars
doesn’t depict physical activity