Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards
What are enzymes?
Protein catalysts that control reactions
Which vitamins are needed as coenzymes for energy production?
Pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin
Which age group has the highest BMR?
0-2 years of age
What is the % that the BMR rises for each degree rise in temperature during fever?
7%
Describe indirect calorimetry
measures oxygen consumed at carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine
How can you decrease the respiratory quotient ?
Increase fat intake
Which is the most important form of carbohydrate in the diet that accounts for 50% of CHO intake?
Starch
Which is the sweetest CHO?
Fructose
Which is the least sweet CHO?
Lactose
Which is sweeter - glucose or sorbitol?
Glucose
Which amino acids contain sulfur?
Cysteine, cystine, methionine
Name the essential amino acids.
TV TILL PMH - threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine
Which amino acid are soybeans low in?
Methionine
Which amino acids is gelatin low in/missing?
Methionine, lysine, and no tryptophan
What is the most polyunsaturated oil?
Safflower
What is the most unsaturated oil?
Canola
A lack of _ can cause eczema, poor growth rate, and petechiae
linoleic acid
What happens when linoleic acid replaces CHO in the diet?
LDL decreases, HDL increases
What happens when linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet?
Total cholesterol decreases, HDL decreases
Which oil is the best source of linoleic acid?
Safflower
Name the two fatty acids that are omega 3s
EPA and DHA
What does the omega sign designate about the structure of fatty acids?
The location of the first double bond that is counted from the methyl group
What are the highest sources of trans-fatty acids?
Margarine, shortening, and frying fats
Name the best oil source of saturated fat
coconut
Name the best oil source of monounsaturated fat
olive
Name the best source of polyunsaturated fat
safflower
What are winterized oils?
Oils that won’t crystallize when cold
Name examples of winterized oils
corn, soy, cottonseed
List symptoms of dehydration
nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the body?
136-145 mEq/dL
What is the acceptable pH of the body?
7.4
Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the pulmonary system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.
Respiratory
Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the renal system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.
Metabolic
Explain the compensatory response to respiratory acidosis
kidneys increase absorption of base
Explain the compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis
kidneys excrete base
Explain the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis
respiration increases, hyperventilation
Explain the compensatory response to metabolic alkalosis
respiration decreases, hypoventilation
What is the normal range for HCO3?
24-28
What is the normal range for pC02?
35-45
How much weight should a normal weight female gain during pregnancy?
25-35 lbs
How much weight should an underweight female gain during pregnancy?
28-40 lbs
How much weight should an overweight female gain during pregnancy?
15-25 lbs
How much weight should an obese female gain during pregnancy?
11-20 lbs
What is DHA necessary for during fetal development?
Development of the fetal nervous system
What is the range of normal birth weight?
2500-4000 gm
List calorie needs for infants 0-6 months and 7-12 months.
520F 570M; 676F 743M
What are the breastfeeding recommendations?
Exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months, supplemented by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months
How much formula per pound does an infant need?
2 1/2 oz/lb/d
What does infant formula need to be fortified with?
Iron
When should solids be added to an infant diet?
4-6 months when the baby can sit by himself and the extrusion reflex diminishes
When can infants begin to have cow’s milk?
After 1 year of age
When should children be switched to lower fat milks?
After 2 years old; it is inappropriate sooner
Describe iron needs for boys and girls through growth/
Same for boys and girls until 10 years of age, girls needs increase
How much juice should a child under 6 years of age have?
No more than 4 oz/d
What is the normal range on CDC/NCHS growth charts?
5-95%
What can <5% on the growth chart reflect?
Acute illness or wasting
What can >95% on the growth cart reflect?
Over-nutrition
What does stature/length for age show?
Determines extent of stunting
When do we start using BMI for age percentiles?
2 years old
What may cause FTT?
acute or chronic illness, restricted diet, poor appetite, lack of fiber
What is the RDA for protein in adult females and males?
46 gm female, 56 grams male
Which vitamins might need to be supplemented in the elderly’s diet due to atrophic gastritis?
B6 and B12
What are the fluid recommendations for athletes?
16 oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost
What is the primary energy source during rest and normal activities?
Fats
What do CHO provide during prolonged exercise?
Pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation
Name some herbal supplements that should be avoided while taking warfarin
Ginger, Garlic, Black cohosh, Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng
List functions of the liver
Produce bile, store glycogen, synthesize glucose
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
Stomach with HCL and protease pepsin
Describe the process of neutralizing chyme in the duodenum.
Acidic chyme enters the duodenum, mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions (from pancreas) which neutralize the acid
Which vitamins are produced by bacterial digestion in the large intestine?
vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin
Bacterial digestion also converts fibers into _ for the purpose of _.
short chained fatty acids (acetate and butyrate) to stimulate water and sodium absorption
Where is lactase produced?
Lactase
List in order the availability of enzymes for CHO digestion
- Maltase, sucrase
- lactase
- pancreatic amylase
What % of proteins are glucogenic amino acids?
58%
What is the most glucogenic amino acid?
Alanine
What does epinephrine do to during catabolic stress?
Decreases the release of insulin from the pancreas, therefore increasing blood glucose
What are the biproducts of energy metabolism?
energy, carbon dioxide, water
Describe the purpose of glycolysis
to produce pyruvate for the Kreb’s cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate or lactate
What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate
Describe the basics of the cori cycle
lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate
Name the nutrients required for the Kreb’s cycle
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium, lipoic acid
What is the intermediate breakdown product of CHO, Pro, and fat?
Acetyl CoA
What is needed for the transport of amino acids?
Pyridoxine
Name the branched chain amino acids
valine, leucine, isoleucine
What is the formula for nitrogen balance?
protein intake (gm) divided by 6.25 - (urinary urea nitrogen +4)
What is net protein utilization?
N intake - N output (nitrogen retained) divided by nitrogen intake
What are glucocorticoids control?
Gluconeogenesis
What aids in vitamin D absorption?
bile salts, acidity of chyme
What aids in vitamin B12 absorption?
ileum, stomach secretions (HCL, intrinsic factor)
