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Inman Domain 1 > Nutrition and Supporting Sciences > Flashcards

Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein catalysts that control reactions

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2
Q

Which vitamins are needed as coenzymes for energy production?

A

Pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

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3
Q

Which age group has the highest BMR?

A

0-2 years of age

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4
Q

What is the % that the BMR rises for each degree rise in temperature during fever?

A

7%

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5
Q

Describe indirect calorimetry

A

measures oxygen consumed at carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine

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6
Q

How can you decrease the respiratory quotient ?

A

Increase fat intake

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7
Q

Which is the most important form of carbohydrate in the diet that accounts for 50% of CHO intake?

A

Starch

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8
Q

Which is the sweetest CHO?

A

Fructose

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9
Q

Which is the least sweet CHO?

A

Lactose

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10
Q

Which is sweeter - glucose or sorbitol?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Which amino acids contain sulfur?

A

Cysteine, cystine, methionine

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12
Q

Name the essential amino acids.

A

TV TILL PMH - threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine

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13
Q

Which amino acid are soybeans low in?

A

Methionine

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14
Q

Which amino acids is gelatin low in/missing?

A

Methionine, lysine, and no tryptophan

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15
Q

What is the most polyunsaturated oil?

A

Safflower

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16
Q

What is the most unsaturated oil?

A

Canola

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17
Q

A lack of _ can cause eczema, poor growth rate, and petechiae

A

linoleic acid

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18
Q

What happens when linoleic acid replaces CHO in the diet?

A

LDL decreases, HDL increases

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19
Q

What happens when linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet?

A

Total cholesterol decreases, HDL decreases

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20
Q

Which oil is the best source of linoleic acid?

A

Safflower

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21
Q

Name the two fatty acids that are omega 3s

A

EPA and DHA

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22
Q

What does the omega sign designate about the structure of fatty acids?

A

The location of the first double bond that is counted from the methyl group

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23
Q

What are the highest sources of trans-fatty acids?

A

Margarine, shortening, and frying fats

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24
Q

Name the best oil source of saturated fat

A

coconut

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25
Q

Name the best oil source of monounsaturated fat

A

olive

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26
Q

Name the best source of polyunsaturated fat

A

safflower

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27
Q

What are winterized oils?

A

Oils that won’t crystallize when cold

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28
Q

Name examples of winterized oils

A

corn, soy, cottonseed

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29
Q

List symptoms of dehydration

A

nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss

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30
Q

What is the normal range for sodium levels in the body?

A

136-145 mEq/dL

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31
Q

What is the acceptable pH of the body?

A

7.4

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32
Q

Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the pulmonary system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.

A

Respiratory

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33
Q

Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the renal system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.

A

Metabolic

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34
Q

Explain the compensatory response to respiratory acidosis

A

kidneys increase absorption of base

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35
Q

Explain the compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis

A

kidneys excrete base

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36
Q

Explain the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis

A

respiration increases, hyperventilation

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37
Q

Explain the compensatory response to metabolic alkalosis

A

respiration decreases, hypoventilation

38
Q

What is the normal range for HCO3?

A

24-28

39
Q

What is the normal range for pC02?

A

35-45

40
Q

How much weight should a normal weight female gain during pregnancy?

A

25-35 lbs

41
Q

How much weight should an underweight female gain during pregnancy?

A

28-40 lbs

42
Q

How much weight should an overweight female gain during pregnancy?

A

15-25 lbs

43
Q

How much weight should an obese female gain during pregnancy?

A

11-20 lbs

44
Q

What is DHA necessary for during fetal development?

A

Development of the fetal nervous system

45
Q

What is the range of normal birth weight?

A

2500-4000 gm

46
Q

List calorie needs for infants 0-6 months and 7-12 months.

A

520F 570M; 676F 743M

47
Q

What are the breastfeeding recommendations?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months, supplemented by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months

48
Q

How much formula per pound does an infant need?

A

2 1/2 oz/lb/d

49
Q

What does infant formula need to be fortified with?

A

Iron

50
Q

When should solids be added to an infant diet?

A

4-6 months when the baby can sit by himself and the extrusion reflex diminishes

51
Q

When can infants begin to have cow’s milk?

A

After 1 year of age

52
Q

When should children be switched to lower fat milks?

A

After 2 years old; it is inappropriate sooner

53
Q

Describe iron needs for boys and girls through growth/

A

Same for boys and girls until 10 years of age, girls needs increase

54
Q

How much juice should a child under 6 years of age have?

A

No more than 4 oz/d

55
Q

What is the normal range on CDC/NCHS growth charts?

A

5-95%

56
Q

What can <5% on the growth chart reflect?

A

Acute illness or wasting

57
Q

What can >95% on the growth cart reflect?

A

Over-nutrition

58
Q

What does stature/length for age show?

A

Determines extent of stunting

59
Q

When do we start using BMI for age percentiles?

A

2 years old

60
Q

What may cause FTT?

A

acute or chronic illness, restricted diet, poor appetite, lack of fiber

61
Q

What is the RDA for protein in adult females and males?

A

46 gm female, 56 grams male

62
Q

Which vitamins might need to be supplemented in the elderly’s diet due to atrophic gastritis?

A

B6 and B12

63
Q

What are the fluid recommendations for athletes?

A

16 oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost

64
Q

What is the primary energy source during rest and normal activities?

A

Fats

65
Q

What do CHO provide during prolonged exercise?

A

Pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation

66
Q

Name some herbal supplements that should be avoided while taking warfarin

A

Ginger, Garlic, Black cohosh, Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng

67
Q

List functions of the liver

A

Produce bile, store glycogen, synthesize glucose

68
Q

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

A

Stomach with HCL and protease pepsin

69
Q

Describe the process of neutralizing chyme in the duodenum.

A

Acidic chyme enters the duodenum, mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions (from pancreas) which neutralize the acid

70
Q

Which vitamins are produced by bacterial digestion in the large intestine?

A

vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin

71
Q

Bacterial digestion also converts fibers into _ for the purpose of _.

A

short chained fatty acids (acetate and butyrate) to stimulate water and sodium absorption

72
Q

Where is lactase produced?

A

Lactase

73
Q

List in order the availability of enzymes for CHO digestion

A
  1. Maltase, sucrase
  2. lactase
  3. pancreatic amylase
74
Q

What % of proteins are glucogenic amino acids?

A

58%

75
Q

What is the most glucogenic amino acid?

A

Alanine

76
Q

What does epinephrine do to during catabolic stress?

A

Decreases the release of insulin from the pancreas, therefore increasing blood glucose

77
Q

What are the biproducts of energy metabolism?

A

energy, carbon dioxide, water

78
Q

Describe the purpose of glycolysis

A

to produce pyruvate for the Kreb’s cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate or lactate

79
Q

What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

80
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Lactate

81
Q

Describe the basics of the cori cycle

A

lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate

82
Q

Name the nutrients required for the Kreb’s cycle

A

thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium, lipoic acid

83
Q

What is the intermediate breakdown product of CHO, Pro, and fat?

A

Acetyl CoA

84
Q

What is needed for the transport of amino acids?

A

Pyridoxine

85
Q

Name the branched chain amino acids

A

valine, leucine, isoleucine

86
Q

What is the formula for nitrogen balance?

A

protein intake (gm) divided by 6.25 - (urinary urea nitrogen +4)

87
Q

What is net protein utilization?

A

N intake - N output (nitrogen retained) divided by nitrogen intake

88
Q

What are glucocorticoids control?

A

Gluconeogenesis

89
Q

What aids in vitamin D absorption?

A

bile salts, acidity of chyme

90
Q

What aids in vitamin B12 absorption?

A

ileum, stomach secretions (HCL, intrinsic factor)

Inman Domain 1 (5 decks)

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