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Inman Domain 1 > Nutrition and Supporting Sciences > Flashcards

Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein catalysts that control reactions

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2
Q

Which vitamins are needed as coenzymes for energy production?

A

Pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

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3
Q

Which age group has the highest BMR?

A

0-2 years of age

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4
Q

What is the % that the BMR rises for each degree rise in temperature during fever?

A

7%

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5
Q

Describe indirect calorimetry

A

measures oxygen consumed at carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine

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6
Q

How can you decrease the respiratory quotient ?

A

Increase fat intake

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7
Q

Which is the most important form of carbohydrate in the diet that accounts for 50% of CHO intake?

A

Starch

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8
Q

Which is the sweetest CHO?

A

Fructose

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9
Q

Which is the least sweet CHO?

A

Lactose

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10
Q

Which is sweeter - glucose or sorbitol?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Which amino acids contain sulfur?

A

Cysteine, cystine, methionine

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12
Q

Name the essential amino acids.

A

TV TILL PMH - threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine

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13
Q

Which amino acid are soybeans low in?

A

Methionine

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14
Q

Which amino acids is gelatin low in/missing?

A

Methionine, lysine, and no tryptophan

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15
Q

What is the most polyunsaturated oil?

A

Safflower

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16
Q

What is the most unsaturated oil?

A

Canola

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17
Q

A lack of _ can cause eczema, poor growth rate, and petechiae

A

linoleic acid

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18
Q

What happens when linoleic acid replaces CHO in the diet?

A

LDL decreases, HDL increases

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19
Q

What happens when linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet?

A

Total cholesterol decreases, HDL decreases

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20
Q

Which oil is the best source of linoleic acid?

A

Safflower

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21
Q

Name the two fatty acids that are omega 3s

A

EPA and DHA

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22
Q

What does the omega sign designate about the structure of fatty acids?

A

The location of the first double bond that is counted from the methyl group

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23
Q

What are the highest sources of trans-fatty acids?

A

Margarine, shortening, and frying fats

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24
Q

Name the best oil source of saturated fat

A

coconut

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25
Name the best oil source of monounsaturated fat
olive
26
Name the best source of polyunsaturated fat
safflower
27
What are winterized oils?
Oils that won't crystallize when cold
28
Name examples of winterized oils
corn, soy, cottonseed
29
List symptoms of dehydration
nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss
30
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the body?
136-145 mEq/dL
31
What is the acceptable pH of the body?
7.4
32
Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the pulmonary system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.
Respiratory
33
Failure to maintain neutral pH in the body related to the renal system in _ acidosis/alkalosis.
Metabolic
34
Explain the compensatory response to respiratory acidosis
kidneys increase absorption of base
35
Explain the compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis
kidneys excrete base
36
Explain the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis
respiration increases, hyperventilation
37
Explain the compensatory response to metabolic alkalosis
respiration decreases, hypoventilation
38
What is the normal range for HCO3?
24-28
39
What is the normal range for pC02?
35-45
40
How much weight should a normal weight female gain during pregnancy?
25-35 lbs
41
How much weight should an underweight female gain during pregnancy?
28-40 lbs
42
How much weight should an overweight female gain during pregnancy?
15-25 lbs
43
How much weight should an obese female gain during pregnancy?
11-20 lbs
44
What is DHA necessary for during fetal development?
Development of the fetal nervous system
45
What is the range of normal birth weight?
2500-4000 gm
46
List calorie needs for infants 0-6 months and 7-12 months.
520F 570M; 676F 743M
47
What are the breastfeeding recommendations?
Exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months, supplemented by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months
48
How much formula per pound does an infant need?
2 1/2 oz/lb/d
49
What does infant formula need to be fortified with?
Iron
50
When should solids be added to an infant diet?
4-6 months when the baby can sit by himself and the extrusion reflex diminishes
51
When can infants begin to have cow's milk?
After 1 year of age
52
When should children be switched to lower fat milks?
After 2 years old; it is inappropriate sooner
53
Describe iron needs for boys and girls through growth/
Same for boys and girls until 10 years of age, girls needs increase
54
How much juice should a child under 6 years of age have?
No more than 4 oz/d
55
What is the normal range on CDC/NCHS growth charts?
5-95%
56
What can <5% on the growth chart reflect?
Acute illness or wasting
57
What can >95% on the growth cart reflect?
Over-nutrition
58
What does stature/length for age show?
Determines extent of stunting
59
When do we start using BMI for age percentiles?
2 years old
60
What may cause FTT?
acute or chronic illness, restricted diet, poor appetite, lack of fiber
61
What is the RDA for protein in adult females and males?
46 gm female, 56 grams male
62
Which vitamins might need to be supplemented in the elderly's diet due to atrophic gastritis?
B6 and B12
63
What are the fluid recommendations for athletes?
16 oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost
64
What is the primary energy source during rest and normal activities?
Fats
65
What do CHO provide during prolonged exercise?
Pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation
66
Name some herbal supplements that should be avoided while taking warfarin
Ginger, Garlic, Black cohosh, Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng
67
List functions of the liver
Produce bile, store glycogen, synthesize glucose
68
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
Stomach with HCL and protease pepsin
69
Describe the process of neutralizing chyme in the duodenum.
Acidic chyme enters the duodenum, mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions (from pancreas) which neutralize the acid
70
Which vitamins are produced by bacterial digestion in the large intestine?
vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin
71
Bacterial digestion also converts fibers into _ for the purpose of _.
short chained fatty acids (acetate and butyrate) to stimulate water and sodium absorption
72
Where is lactase produced?
Lactase
73
List in order the availability of enzymes for CHO digestion
1. Maltase, sucrase 2. lactase 3. pancreatic amylase
74
What % of proteins are glucogenic amino acids?
58%
75
What is the most glucogenic amino acid?
Alanine
76
What does epinephrine do to during catabolic stress?
Decreases the release of insulin from the pancreas, therefore increasing blood glucose
77
What are the biproducts of energy metabolism?
energy, carbon dioxide, water
78
Describe the purpose of glycolysis
to produce pyruvate for the Kreb's cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate or lactate
79
What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?
Pyruvate
80
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate
81
Describe the basics of the cori cycle
lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate
82
Name the nutrients required for the Kreb's cycle
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium, lipoic acid
83
What is the intermediate breakdown product of CHO, Pro, and fat?
Acetyl CoA
84
What is needed for the transport of amino acids?
Pyridoxine
85
Name the branched chain amino acids
valine, leucine, isoleucine
86
What is the formula for nitrogen balance?
protein intake (gm) divided by 6.25 - (urinary urea nitrogen +4)
87
What is net protein utilization?
N intake - N output (nitrogen retained) divided by nitrogen intake
88
What are glucocorticoids control?
Gluconeogenesis
89
What aids in vitamin D absorption?
bile salts, acidity of chyme
90
What aids in vitamin B12 absorption?
ileum, stomach secretions (HCL, intrinsic factor)

Inman Domain 1 (5 decks)

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