Nutrition and Growth chapter 6 LECTURE 3

Question 1

Bacteria get nutrients from environment

• _____________: used in large amounts; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, potassium
• _____________: used in small amounts; chlorine, magnesium, calcium, iron;

Answer 1

1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients

also contains (trace elements = bacteria needs in small amounts) Ex. zinc, copper

Question 2

Organic nutrients contains __________________, while Inorganic nutrient lack ____________________.

Answer 2

1) carbon and hydrogen
2) carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

Carbon source

_____________: can use CO2

_____________: requires organic molecules (C and H)

FYI- humans take organic stuff

Answer 3

1) Autotrophs
2) Heterotrophs

Question 4

Energy source

• ______________: uses light for energy
• ______________: chemicals for energy

Answer 4

1) Phototroph
2) Chemotroph

Question 5

Microbial growth ( population size)

• ___________: Makes a copy and splits cell in half. (asexual repr, produce clones)
• ______________________: ( unrestricted, no limitations)
• ___________________: time required for bacterial cell to divide; varies for all population doubling time

Answer 5

1) Binary fission
2) Exponential (logarithmic) growth
3) Generation time (population doubling time) -bacteria has short generation time

Question 6

1) Phases of Reproduction

_________________

• Adjust to environment
• Make new enzymes
• Hours–> days (depending on conditions)
• slow growth

Answer 6

Lag phase

Question 7

2) Phases of Reproduction

_____________________:

• Rapid bacterial replication and growth
• increase antimicrobial susceptibility

Answer 7

Exponential (log) phase

ANTIBIOTICS IS MOST EFFECTIVE

Question 8

Phases of Reproduction

_________________:

• Pepleted (running out) nutrients, accumlated (gather) wastes
• Dying cells = Cells produced
• Rate of reproduction

Answer 8

1) Stationary phase

running out of nutrients, gather waste, dying cells (= cells produced; no growth because things die while things are produced)

Question 9

4) Phases of Reproduction

____________:

• cells die faster than produced

Answer 9

Death phase

Question 10

Reactive oxygen species

______________

• electrons boosted to higher state
• phagocytic cells use this oxidize pathogen

Answer 10

Singlet oxygen ‘O2

Question 11

Reactive oxygen species

_________________

• Formed during incomplete reduction of O2 during electron transport in aerobes
• Extremely reactive and toxic
• 2O2- + 2+ superoxide/dismutase ————–> H2O2 +O2

Answer 11

Superoxide radical O2-

Question 12

Reactive oxygen species

___________________

• 2H2O2 catalse ————–> 2H2O + O2
• H2O2 + NADH + H + H2O peroxidase —————> 2H2O + NAD

Answer 12

Peroxide anion O2^2-

Question 13

Reactive oxygen species

_________________:

• Most reactive
• Not a real threat to aerobes
• from ionizing radiation and from incomplete H2O2 reduction

Answer 13

Hydroxy radical OH-

Question 14

Antioxidants

____________________: cap screwed on tight so no oxygen gets in

Answer 14

Thioglycollate medium

Question 15

_________________: requires oxygen; growth only at the top

Answer 15

Obligate Aerobes

Question 16

__________________: presence and absence of oxygen (growth everywhere, mostly on top)

Answer 16

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 17

__________________: ceases in presence of oxygen; only without oxygen (growth only on the bottom)

Answer 17

Obligate Anaerobic

Question 18

_____________________: only without oxygen, but continues in presence of oxygen (equal growth everywhere)

Answer 18

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Question 19

_______________: only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration (middle growth)

Answer 19

Microaerophiles

Question 20

Temperature

If it gets too cold enzyme moves too slow……. Nothing happens.

too hot à enzyme moves too fast

Cardinal temps

• ____________
• ____________
• ____________

Answer 20

1) Minimum
2) Maximum
3) Optimum

Question 21

________________: -10C to 10C (best) to 20C

________________: 0C to 20C (best) to 30C

________________: 10C to 37C (best) to 50C

________________: 40 to 60 (best) to 73

________________: 67 to 90 (best) to 110

Answer 21

1) Psychrophiles
2) Psychrotrophs
3) Mesophiles
4) Thermophiles
5) Hyperthermophiles

Question 22

___________: acidic environments (5 and under)

___________: 5 to 8

___________: base (8 and above)

Answer 22

1) Acidophile
2) Neutrophile
3) Akaliphile

Question 23

Symbiosis means the ___________________________________

Answer 23

association between organisms in a community

Question 24

Symbiosis

commensal: _________________________________________
parasitic: _________________________________________
mutualistic: ___________________________________________

Answer 24

1) one organism benefits from association, one is unaffected
2) one organism benefits from association, one is harmed
3) both parties benefits (ex: bacteria in gut; they get nutrition and home, we get digestion and vitamins)

Question 25

Biofilms ——-> aggregate of microbes in which cells stick to each other on a surface

• __________
• __________
• __________

Question 26

* disinfectants, antibacterial, and other remedies are not effective against some biofilms

_____________: bacterial mob mentality; the do “bad” things around other bacteria that they wouldn’t do by themselves

Answer 26

Quorum sensing