Nutrition and Elimination

Question 1

Why do we need nutrition?

Answer 1

• fuel for energy for cellular activity
• metabolism, organ function, growth and repair

Question 2

What is BMR (energy)?

Answer 2

Basal metabolic rate
- use of energy when body is at rest

Question 3

What is Neutral energy balance?

Answer 3

energy input = energy output

Question 4

What is positive energy balance?

Answer 4

energy input is less than energy output

Question 5

What is negative energy balance?

Answer 5

energy input is more than energy output

Question 6

What are the types of macronutrients?

Answer 6

1. carbohydrates (complex/simple)
   - monosaccharides (1)
   - disaccharides (2)
   - polysaccharides (multiple)
2. fats/lipids
   - saturated or unsaturated
3. proteins
   - amino acids (22)

Question 7

What is metabolism?

Answer 7

• biochemical reactions within body cells

Question 8

What is anabolism?

Answer 8

• BUILDING of complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients

Question 9

What is catabolism?

Answer 9

• BREAKDOWN of complex biochemical substances into smaller substances to be stored for energy

Question 10

What does urine elimination depend on?

Answer 10

depends on the functions of the:
- kidneys
- ureter
- urethra
- bladder
- pelvic floor muscles

Question 11

What are some factors affecting urinary elimination?

Answer 11

• fluid intake/balance
• medications and surgery
• changes in renal function
• illness and fragility

Question 12

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 12

the involuntary loss of urine

Question 13

What happens to a person when they experience urinary incontinence?

Answer 13

• reduction in fluid intake
• avoidance of social contact
• depression and anxiety

Question 14

What is being tested for when performing a urinalysis?

Answer 14

• pH
• WBC count
• Bilirubin
• protein
• traces of RBC
• Nitrate
• glucose
• ketones

Question 15

How much urine does an average healthy adult’s kidneys produce?

Answer 15

1500-1600ml

Question 16

What are some urine elimination issue classifications?

Answer 16

1. Storage/filling issues
   - increase frequency
   - can be nocturia
   - increases urgency
2. Emptying/voiding
   - dysuria (painful urination)
   - hesitancy (delay)
   - incomplete bladder emptying

Question 17

What is faecal elimination?

Answer 17

the act of expelling faeces from the digestive tract via the anus

Question 18

What are some factors affecting faecal elimination?

Answer 18

• reduce fluid intake
• diet
• pain
• medication

Question 19

What are the 3 types of constipation?

Answer 19

1. dyssynergic defaecation
2. slow bowl transit
3. normal bowl transit (functional)

Question 20

What are some common problems that can happen with faecal elimination?

Answer 20

• Constipation
• Faecal impaction
• IBD
• Diarrhoea
• Cancers

Question 21

What are fluids in the body regulated by?

Answer 21

hormones and fluid input/output

Question 22

What organs output fluid?

Answer 22

• kidneys
• skin
• GI tract
• lungs

Question 23

What nutrient do infant require?

Answer 23

• breastfed for first 6-12 months
• high nutrition requirements

Question 24

What should toddlers - preschoolers avoid nutrient wise?

Answer 24

• avoid low nutrient, high energy foods (cakes, chips, lollies)

Question 25

What issues with nutrition can school aged - adolescents have?

Answer 25

over nutrition - overweight
undernutrition - underweight

Question 26

What does ‘failure to thrive’ mean?

Answer 26

meaning a child is undernourished

Question 27

What happens to an Older adults nutritional intake?

Answer 27

• metabolic rate slows
• energy requirement decreases
• protein requirements increases