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MCM Part 1-First Year > Nutrition and Digestion > Flashcards

Nutrition and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What synthetic derivatives of vitamin A can be used as a topical treatment for acne and wrinkles?

A

Tretinoin

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2
Q

What vitamin A derivative is found in the liver, cod, liver oil, dairy products and eggs?

A

retinol

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3
Q

What precursor of vitamin A is found in spinach, carrots, dark green leafy vegetables and yellow vegetables?

A

β-carotene

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4
Q

What factors elevate BMR?

A

fever, those with hyperthyroidism (graves), and high levels of thyroid hormones, GH, Sex hormones, epinephrine and cortisol

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5
Q

What vitamins are lipid soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What is BMR?

A

The amount of calories required to maintain normal physiological functions when the body is at rest and accounts for 60 to 70% of total energy expenditure.

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7
Q

How much heat is released for 1 g of carb, protein, and lipid?

A

4kcal- carb
4kcal - protein
9kcal - lipid

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8
Q

What water soluble vitamin deficiency can delay wound healing?

A

vitamin C

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9
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are involved in redox reactions?

A

B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin
C - ascorbic acid

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10
Q

What is the functional form of riboflavin in redox reactions?

A

B2 is FMN and FAD

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11
Q

What is the functional form of B3 in redox reactions?

A

NAD and NADP

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12
Q

What is the functional form of Vitamin C in redox reactions?

A

Ascorbate

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13
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins that are involved in nonredox reactions?

A 
B1-thiamine
B5-pantothenic acid
B6-pyridoxine
B12-cobalamin
Biotin 
Folate
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14
Q

What is the functional form of B1 in nonredox reactions?

A

TPP

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15
Q

What is the functional form of B5 in nonredox reactions?

A

Coenzyme A

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16
Q

What is the functional form of B6 in nonredox reactions?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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17
Q

What is the functional form of B12 in nonredox reactions?

A

Adenosylcobalamin methylcobalamin

18
Q

What is the functional form of folate in nonredox reactions?

A

Tetrahydrofolate THF

19
Q

What disorder is caused by K+ deficiency?

A

Hypokalemia

20
Q

What are the symptoms of poor intake of K+ and use of certain diuretics?

A

Myalgia, myyasthenia, cramps, constipation, flaccid paralysis, arrhythmias

21
Q

What is the disorder caused by kidney disease and drugs involving vitamin K?

A

Hyperkalemia

22
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

Palpitations, arrhythmia

23
Q

What can cause increase renal excretion and lead to hyponatremia?

A

Thiazide or loop diuretics or excessive aldosterone

24
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoatremia

A

Decreased Na causes convulsions and cerebral edema

25
Q

What can cause excessive water reabsorption from the kidneys and thus leading to Na deficiency?

A

hyponatremia can occur due to excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone, congestive heart failure, or chronic liver disease

26
Q

What can cause an excess of Na in the body?

A

Hypernatremia can be cuased by decreased renal excretion or decreased water reabsorption from the kidneys

27
Q

What can result from hpernatremia?

A

dehydration

28
Q

What can cause hypchloremia? what are the symptoms?

A

vomiting

Chronic respiratory acidosis and also metabolic alkalosis

29
Q

What can cause an excess of Cl-?

A

hypercholoremia can be caused by intravenous saline, diarrhea, and drugs

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperchloremia?

A

Weakness, labored breathing, intense thirst

31
Q

What are some sources of iron?

A

meat, legumes, dark greens, whole grains

32
Q

What are some sources of Zn?

A

Grains, liver, meatt, oysters, nuts, and eggs

33
Q

What are some sources of Cu?

A

cheese, liver, mussels, oysters, poultry, legumes, mushrooms, wheat, fruit, nuts, chocolate,

34
Q

What can serve as a source of energy bc its energy content is 7 kcal/g, higher than carbs and proteins?

A

ethanol

35
Q

What can manifest as visual impairment, xerophthalmia, bitot’s spots, growth impediment, follicular hyperkeratosis, alopecia, bronchitis and pneumonia?

A

Deficiency of Vit A

36
Q

What can large amounts of Vit A lead to?

A

liver toxicity and joint pain. Infants exposed to isotretinoin in the womb may have birth defects

37
Q

Patient lately has troubles with wounds healing well, dry skin, and sudden night blindness. Patient’s diet consists of very little vegetables and dairy products. Diagnosis

A

Vitamin A deficiency

38
Q

1,260 g female infant of 30 weeks gestation was born to a 22-year-old woman with no previous pregnancies. At birth, the infant had microcephaly, bilateral microphthalmia, and bilateral rudimentary pinnae. She died on the 28th day of life. Postmortem examination revealed lissencephaly, rudimentary pinnae, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and interrupted aortic arch. What could have caused the birth defects and ultimately death?

A

Exposure of isotretinoin in the womb

actual case: The woman had taken isotretinoin for 8 days when she was 4 to 6 weeks pregnant. Isotretinoin treatment had been stopped when the woman learned that she was pregnant.

39
Q

Deficiencies in Vit D occur due to inadequate dietary intake, conditions that disrupt the absorption of lipids, poor functioning of the liver and kidneys, hypoparathyroidism, and lack of exposure to sunlight can cause what symptoms?

A

Deficiencies cause brittle bones observed as rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, and hypocalcemic tetany

40
Q

Patient appears dazed, has a loss of appetite and presents with sarcoidosis (inflammation of tissues marked by the presence of clusters of immune cells in various tissues such as the lungs, skin, and lymph nodes). Nutritional diagnosis

A

large intake of Vit D. elevated levels of Ca in blood and urine (hypercalemia and hypercalciuria)

41
Q

What condition often appeared in sailors during medieval times? and why?

A

Scurvy
no fruits eaten during voyage. Vitamin C-related disorders: Necessary for the formation of collagen and also carnitine. Deficiency can cause scurvy with petechiae, ecchymoses, spongy and bleeding gums, and poor wound healing.

MCM Part 1-First Year (13 decks)

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