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MCM Part 1-First Year > Carboydrate Structure and Chemistry > Flashcards

Carboydrate Structure and Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of glyceraldehyde?

A

An important intermediate in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway

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2
Q

What is the function of Dihydroxyacetone?

A

Its phosphate ester is an intermediate in glycolysis

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3
Q

What is an important Tetrose monosaccharide?

A

Erythrose (aldose)

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4
Q

What is the function of erythrose?

A

A pentose phosphate pathway intermediate

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5
Q

What are the important pentose monosaccharides?

A

Aldose: D-ribose
Ketose: D-ribulose

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6
Q

What is the function of D-ribose?

A

In its furanose form, it contributes to the structure of RNA and nucleotide coenzymes

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7
Q

What is the function of D-ribulose?

A

Its phosphate ester, which is the most important ketopentose, is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

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8
Q

What are the important Hexose monosaccharides?

A

Aldose: D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose
Ketose: D-fructose

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9
Q

What is the function of D-glucose?

A

The most important aldohexose; it is the building block for glycogen, starch and cellulose. Free D-glucose is found in blood

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10
Q

What is the function of D-galactose?

A

A constituent of lactose. Found in glycolipids and glycoproteins, along with D-mannose

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11
Q

What is the function of D-fructose?

A

The most widely distributed ketohexose. It is a component of sucrose

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12
Q

What is an important Heptose monosaccharide?

A

Ketose: Sedoheptulose

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13
Q

What is the function of sedoheptulose?

A

An intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway

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14
Q

What are the important Triose aldose and Triose Ketose monosaccharides?

A

Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

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15
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates?

A

Cn (H2O) n

n = 3-9

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16
Q

What is the simplest form of a CH? Give examples

A

monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

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17
Q

What form of CH consists of two monosaccharides? Give examples

A

disaccharides

Maltose, lactose, sucrosse

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18
Q

What form of CH consists of 3-10 monosaccharides? Give examples

A

oligosaccharides

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

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19
Q

What form of CH consists of greater than 10 monosaccharides? give examples

A

Polysaccharides

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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20
Q

What are the names of 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C, and 7C monosaccharides respectively?

A

Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose

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21
Q

Monosaccharide structure: if the carbonyl group is on the 2nd carbon it is a/an ______.

A

ketone

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22
Q

Monosaccharide structure: if the carbonyl group is on the 1st carbon it is a/an ______.

A

Aldehyde

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23
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

same molecular formula and bond constituents but differ in spatial orientation of atoms attached to the asymmetric carbon

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24
Q

What determines a monosaccharide D or L form?

A

OH group on the a carbon farthest away from carbonyl group

25
Q

What are epimers?

A

Diastereomers that differ in configuration of only on sterogenic (chiral) center

26
Q

What forms an asymmetric center?

A

4 different groups

*creates the mirror image

27
Q

Most sugars are in the __-series in human

A

D

28
Q

What is anomer?

A

The cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers

29
Q

When -OH at C-1 is on the opposite side of the rign from the CH2OH it is a/an __ anomer

A

alpha

30
Q

A five carbon monosaccharide ring is called _____.

A

Furanose

31
Q

A six carbon monosaccharide ring is called _____.

A

pyranose

32
Q

True or false: The Fischer projection structure of a monosaccharide is more stable

A

False, The ring structure is more stable

33
Q

What modified monosaccharide is a major component of DNA?

A

Deoxyaldose

34
Q

What modified monosaccharides are components of glycoproteins and glycolipids? What do they play a major role in?

A

Acetylated amino sugars

Role: cell signaling, cell adhesion, immune response

35
Q

Acidic sugars are components of what?

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that are present in plasma membranes of cells and extracellular matrix

36
Q

What modified monosaccharide is created when a monosaccharide is attached to a phosphate group or sulfate group?

A

Sugar esters

37
Q

What modified monosaccharides constituted the gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system and G6P is an example of this modified monosaccharide?

A

Sugar esters

38
Q

What creates sugar alcohols?

A

Carbonyl group is reduced, forming a hydroxyl group

39
Q

What are examples of sugar alcohols?

A

Glycerol, Xylitol, sorbitol

40
Q

What are the uses of sugar alcohols?

A

Food additives, gains importance in uncontrolled diabetes leading to cataracts and peripheral neuropathy; used in synthesis of lipids

41
Q

Carbohydrates are linked through what type of bond?

A

Either O or N - glycosidic bond

O is most common

42
Q

What is the nutritional reservoir of CH in plants?

A

Starch

43
Q

What is starch made of? what is the name of the branched and unbranched form of starch?

A

Glucose
Amylopectin
Amylose

44
Q

What is the natural sweetener?

A

Sucrose: Glucose and fructose

45
Q

What is the major dietary carb of animal origin?

A

Lactose: glucose and galactose

*Lactose intolerance: body can’t easily digest lactose

46
Q

Starch amylose has what type of glycosidic bonds?

A

Alpha 1,4

47
Q

Amylose with the addition of branch points creates amylopectin: what is the glycosidic bond that creates these branches?

A

Alpha 1,6

48
Q

Cellulose is a major plant polysaccharide; what is the typical structure?

A

unbranched polymer of glucose residues joined by Beta 1,4 linkages.. Very long straight chains

49
Q

Why does starch and glycogen have bent structures?

A

More suitable for storage

50
Q

• Blood Glucose: regulated through the actions of hormones such as 1. _______ and _______. Normal fasting plasma glucose concentration range is 2. _________.; rarely exceeds 3. ________ after a meal. When blood glucose drops below 60 mg/dL (4._________) after a meal, 5. _____, _______, and ______ may be experienced. Below 40: 6. ____,____,_____, and _____. Fasting levels above ~130 and postprandial ~200 are diagnostic of 7________.

A
  1. Insulin and glucagon
  2. 70-100 mg/dL
  3. 140 mg/dL
  4. hypoglycemia
  5. hunger, sweating, and trembling
  6. convulsions, coma, brain damage, and death
  7. diabetes mellitus
51
Q

Glycolysis: Process most cells generate energy. 6-C 1. ______ metabolized to 2 molecules of 3-C organic acid 2. ______. Net synthesis of 3. ____ ATP. Under aerobic conditions: pyruvate can be oxidized in 4. ______ to yield more energy (5. ___ ATP).

A
  1. glucose
  2. pyruvate
  3. 2
  4. mitochondria
  5. 36
52
Q

What are the only means that cells obtain energy from glucose under anaerobic conditions?

A

Anaerobic conditions: glycolysis is the only means by which ATP can be generated from glucose. Cells that lack mitochondria rely only on glycolysis (RBCs).

53
Q

What is Pasteur effect?

A

Pasteur effect: aerobic conditions in other cells tend to suppress glycolysis in this phenomenon due to allosteric inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by citrate and ATP

54
Q

What is the Warburg effect

A

Warburg effect: many cancers exhibit high rates of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This property is used in clinical detection of cancer by position emission tomography (PET)

55
Q

Describe erythritol

A

Erythritol: 4-carbon sugar alcohol used as artificial sweetener. Little metabolized, releases little energy when consumed in food. Doesn’t promote tooth decay. Absorbed and excreted in urine = less flatulence than other sugar alcohols

56
Q

Describe Xylitol

A

Xylitol: 5-C sugar alcohol used as natural sweetener. Low glycemic index. Doesn’t promote tooth decay. Lower energy content than sucrose but same sweetness. Does cause flatulence after excess

57
Q

Describe mannitol

A

Mannitol: energy storage by some micro-organisms and plants. Used to treat head trauma and kidney failure, heart-lung machine primer, make the blood-brain barrier permeable to drugs. Inhaled solid: treatment of cystic fibrosis by osmotically liquefying mucus. Low glycemic index, tooth-friendly sweetener, half as sweet as sucrose, high dose causes flatulence

58
Q

Describe sorbitol

A

Sorbitol: sweetener in chewing gum, tooth-paste, mouthwash and laxative

59
Q

(Carbs/lipids/proteins)_______ are synthesized from Acetyl CoA?

A

Lipids

MCM Part 1-First Year (13 decks)

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