Nutrition and Diets Flashcards
Review the different diets for diseases and the electrolytes in foods.
Which foods have calcium in them?
- greens: collard greens, broccoli, kale
- bones: canned fish
- dairy products: milk and cheese
Calcium intake prevents osteoporosis. Too much calcium can cause kidney stones.
Which foods have sodium in them?
Salty foods:
- bacon
- canned food
- processed foods
- table salt
- bread
- soy sauce
- steak sauce
- ketchup
Too much sodium can lead to fluid retention.
Which foods have magnesium in them?
- avocado
- nuts
- legumes
- tofu
Magnesium is good for nerve and muscle function.
Which foods have potassium in them?
- bananas
- oranges
- tomatoes
- potatoes
- spinach
- dried apricot
- cantaloupe
Potassium is good for cardiac and muscle function. Will need a low potassium diet for renal failure.
Which foods have phosphorous in them?
- meat
- dairy
- nuts
Phosphorus is good for bone/teeth formation and for making proteins.
Which foods have carbohydrates in them?
- whole-grain carbs: oats, brown rice
- refined carbs: cookies and cakes made with white flour
A diet high in refined carbs can contribute to obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Which foods have fat in them?
- good fats: unsaturated fat - olive oil and nuts
- bad fats: saturated fat - butter and fat from red meat
A diet high in bad fats can contribute to cardiac disease.
Which foods have fiber in them?
- fruits and vegetables
- beans and legumes
- grains
A diet high in fiber is very healthy.
Which foods have protein in them?
- meat
- dairy
Protein is very good for healing.
Which foods have vitamin C in them?
citrus fruits
Vitamin C is good for healing and absorption of iron.
Why are vitamin C and protein good for wound healing?
Both vitamin C and protein contain the building blocks for muscle and tissue growth.
Which foods have folic acid in them?
- green leafy vegetables
- meat
- legumes
- nuts
- eggs
Folic acid prevents neural tube defects in fetus and folate-deficiency anemia.
Which foods have iron in them?
- meats/liver
- lentils and beans
- egg yolks
- spinach
- dried fruit
- iron fortified cereals like raisin bran
Iron is the building block for red blood cells and is good for preventing anemia.
Which foods have vitamin K in them?
green leafy vegetables
Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin, an anticoagulant.
What foods have vitamin D in them?
fortified milk and cereals
Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Vitamin D can also be acquired from the sun.
What foods have vitamin B12 in them?
- beef, liver, chicken, fish
- dairy
- eggs
Vitamin B12 prevents B12 deficiency anemia.
Which foods have a cross sensitivity with latex?
- banana
- avocado
- kiwi
- papaya
- fig
- potato
- tomato
Which foods can cause flatus/gas?
- broccoli
- Brussel sprouts
- cabbage
- beans/lentils
- garlic
Avoid these foods for those that have a colostomy/ileostomy and with breastfeeding.
Why are foods that cause flatus/gas avoided for those with a colostomy/ileostomy or with breastfeeding?
- ileostomy/colostomy: the bag can expand and break
- breastfeeding: infant can have excessive gas and stomach pain
With what conditions should alcohol be completely avoided?
- alcoholism
- liver disease: cirrhosis and hepatitis
How much alcohol is OK to drink daily for men and women?
men: < 2 drinks daily
women: < 1 drink daily
What is considered one serving of alcohol?
- 5 ounces wine
- 12 ounces beer
- 1.5 ounces shot
What is an NPO diet?
NPO means nothing by mouth - no food or water.
It is commonly prescribed:
- before some diagnostic tests and all surgeries
- after abdominal surgery until bowel sounds come back
Diet order may say, “NPO except ice chips”.
What is a clear liquid diet?
- gelatin
- hard candy
- broth
- coffee and tea
- popsicles
- soda
It is indicated after many surgeries: check for bowel sounds first.
What is a full liquid diet?
- ice cream
- milk
- pudding/custard
- fruit and vegetable juice
It is indicated after the client has tolerated clear liquids.
What is a regular diet?
A regular diet is when the client has no restrictions on foods.
Recommended servings include:
* 1-2 cups of fruit
* 1-3 cups of vegetables
* 3-8 ounces of grains
* 2-6 ounces of protein
* 1.5-3 cups of dairy
1 oz of grains = 1 slice of bread; 1 oz of protein = 1 egg.
What is a soft diet?
Food needs to be mashed or chopped like mashed potatoes, pasta, canned fruit, vegetables, and cookies with no nuts.
It is indicated for clients with difficulty chewing and swallowing.
What is a thickened liquids diet?
Fluids are thickened with a substance.
It is indicated for those with difficulty swallowing, especially those that had a stroke or are elderly.
What is a fluid-restricted diet?
24-hour restriction of:
- 1000 mL or
- 1500 mL or
- 2000 mL
It is indicated for clients with heart failure or renal failure.
What is a renal diet?
- Low in fluids, electrolytes (especially sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) and proteins.
- High in carbohydrates.
Kidneys can’t get rid of extra water or the toxins from the breakdown of protein and electrolytes.
What is a low purine/uric acid diet?
A diet for clients with gout: avoid foods such as meats, alcohol, sweetbreads, and fish.
These foods break down into purines and then uric acid which builds up toxins in the body.
What is a cardiac diet /DASH diet?
DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
* low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium
* high in fruits and veggies, whole-grains
* no caffeine
This healthy diet prevents the build-up of plaque on arteries which can contribute to cardiac disease and prevents hypertension.
What is a fat-restricted diet?
For malabsorption diseases of the: liver, gallbladder or pancreas.
The organs are unable to release the enzymes that breakdown fat.
What is a diabetic diet?
For clients with diabetes mellitus: low in sugar and refined carbohydrates.
The pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin to transport glucose into cells.
What is a low-fiber diet?
Low fiber diet is for inflammatory bowel diseases.
Low fiber prevents diarrhea.
What is a high fiber diet?
For preventing constipation.
Fiber prevents constipation by adding bulk.
What is a high-calorie, high-protein diet, high-carbohydrate diet for?
For debilitating diseases like cancer, burns, kidney disease, cirrhosis, heart disease and COPD.
Extra calories are needed because the body burns off calories quickly.
What is a sodium-restricted diet?
< 2 grams of sodium a day (about 1 teaspoon).
it is for hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease.
Too much sodium can cause fluid volume overload since salt holds onto water.
What is a gluten-free diet?
For celiac disease and those with gluten sensitivity:
- no BROW: barley, rye, oats, and wheat
- instead eat corn, rice or millet
The body doesn’t make the protein that breaks down gluten.
What is a low tyramine diet?
For clients taking MAOIs (a type of antidepressant medication).
Avoid aged foods such as:
- soy sauce
- liver
- aged cheese
- smoked, cured, and processed meats
- sausage
- alcohol
- bananas
- avocado
The client can go into a hypertensive crisis if an MAOI and tyramine containing food is taken together.
What is a pregnancy and post partum diet?
- folic acid supplements and multivitamin
- extra 300 calories/day during pregnancy
- extra 200-500 calories/day if breastfeeding
Folic acid prevents neural tube defects.
What is lactose intolerance?
When the client cannot digest lactose, which is in many dairy products.
Hard cheeses, cottage cheese and yogurt are OK to eat.
Explain the difference between:
- Vegetarian diet
- Vegan diet
- Lacto-vegetarian diet
- Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet
- Vegetarian diet: no animal foods
- Vegan diet: plants only
- Lacto-vegetarian: dairy and plants
- Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: dairy, eggs, and plants
What is a mechanical soft diet?
Includes pureed, mashed, ground, finely chopped foods.
Which foods are high in cholesterol?
- shrimp
- sausage
- fried chicken
