Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition Exam 2 > Nutrition and Cancer > Flashcards

Nutrition and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

__% of cancers result directly from inheriting genes associated with cancer

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes the majority of cancers

A

alterations or damage accumulated over time to the genetic material within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER

A

food
nutrition
physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the hallmark of cancer

A

unregulated cell growth and/or cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When a person is not suitably nourished, either through under- or overnutrition, this impacts the tissue ______, compromising both structure and function.

A

microenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Overall dietary patterns can indirectly influence cell growth by way of changes in general 1, 2 and _3_effects.

A
  1. metabolic
  2. regulatory
  3. endocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does metabolic syndrome increase cancer risk

A

through metabolic disturbances that promote genetic instability

inflammatory state associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome is one mechanism that promotes cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nutrient excess can lead to the production of _____

A

reactive oxidative species (molecules generated during fuel production by the mitochondria)

–> oxidative stress –> damages cellular structures and trigger an inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nutrient excess can also impair functioning of the 1 giving rise to unfolded proteins which can itself induce inflammation

A third response to nutrient excess is the accumulation of 2 molecules (driven mainly by fructose) further increasing inflammation

A
  1. endoplasmic reticulum

2. long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inflammation can limit further exposure to nutrients by blocking the action of ____

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The binding of insulin or IGF-1 to cell surface receptors activates the 1 pathway leading to downstream activation of the 2 complex, a central regulator of cell growth and mitogenesis.

A
  1. PL3K/Akt

2. mTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Data strongly suggests that endogenous hyperinsulinemia may be one obesity-related factor enhancing cancer ___ and ___

A

growth and metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In women with ____ a worse prognosis has been noted in those with higher circulating levels of insulin.

A

breast cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Energy excess and cancer:

what factors are associated with cell growth, carcinogenesis and tumor promotion

A

Hormones and growth factors – insulin, insulin derived growth factor1 (IGF1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF), estrogen Immune cells and inflammatory factors - macrophage infiltration, cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical and epidemiologic evidence suggests that elevated levels of circulating _____ or ____ are associated with increased risk and/or poor prognosis of endometrial, pancreatic, renal, prostate, colon and pre and postmenopausal breast cancer

A

insulin or C-peptide (cleavage product of proinsulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High circulating levels of insulin also upregulate the hepatic synthesis of 1 which is a major endocrine and paracrine regulator of tissue growth and metabolism as it both suppresses 2 and initiates cell cycle progression from 3 phase

A
  1. insulin derived growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
  2. apoptosis
  3. G1 to S

**increased circulating IGF-1 is associated with increased risk and/or worse prognosis for several types of human cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ production is induced by insulin and IGF-1 and mediates cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing angiogenesis

higher levels in obese people, decreases with weight loss

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VGEF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A growing body of evidence in humans suggests strong associations between VGEF levels and ___ cancers

A

aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does estrogen stimulate, inhibits and induce?

A

stimulate cell proliferation

inhibit apoptosis

induce VEGF and angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In postmenopausal women a major contributor to estrogen production is ___ , where the enzyme aromatase converts adrenal androgens into estrogen

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____, a selective estrogen receptor inhibitor, has been shown to significantly reduce the development of postmenopausal breast cancer

A

Tamoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Leptin: an adipocytokine secreted by adipose tissue, relate to cancer?

what happens to leptin as fat stores increase

A

increase in fat –> increase in leptin

leptin can stimulate cell proliferation and cell survival in colon, breast, endometrial and prostate cancer cells.

Leptin can modulate tumor growth by increasing the expression of VEGF

23
Q

how does Adiponectin: an adipocytokine secreted by adipose tissue, relate to cancer

what happens to adiponectin as fat stores increase

A

As fat stores increase levels of adiponectin decrease

adiponectin induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth and proliferation in breast, colon, endometrial and prostate cancer cells.

inhibit angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells.

Higher adiponectin concentrations have been associated with a lower risk of post-menopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer

24
Q

Obesity leads to subclinical inflammation in visceral and subcutaneous white fat and is characterized by ____ surrounding necrotic adipocytes

A

macrophages

25
Q

Increased adipose tissue produces inflammatory cytokines including what?

All of which enhance local ______ infiltration

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1) and C-reactive protein (CRP)

macrophage

26
Q

An excess in nutrients causes an imbalance in energy leading to 1 and abnormalities of 2 that foster inflammation and insulin resistance. This results in a number of processes that underlie cancer initiation and promotion including DNA damage, cell division, delayed cell death, an increase in blood vessel formation and cell migration

A
  1. oxidative stress

2. fatty acid metabolism

27
Q

It has been estimated that up to ____(fraction) of cancers are related to overweight or obesity, physical inactivity and/or poor nutrition

A

1/3

28
Q

The largest medical disaster of the past 100 years has been the recommendation of the _____ diet – a public health experiment which has been an utter and complete failure!!!

A

low fat/high carbohydrate

29
Q

OBESITY IS A ____ DISEASE DRIVEN BY INSULIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

A

HORMONAL

30
Q

arsenic contamination is linked to what cancer

A

**lung cancer

skin and esophgus cancer

31
Q

there is convincing evidence that high dose _____ supplements in tobacco smokers increases the risk of lung cancer.

A

beta carotene

32
Q

what food has convincing evidence for an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

A

processed meats and domesticated red meat

33
Q

alcohol increases what cancer risk

A

convincing evidence for an increased risk of mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophageal, colorectal in men and breast cancer in women and liver cancer related to cirrhosis

34
Q

_____ IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE SINGLE INTERVENTION FOR PREVENTING CANCER IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS!!

A

RESTRICTION OF ENERGY INTAKE FROM FOOD

35
Q

_____ MAY BE ONE THE BEST WAYS TO REDUCE WEIGHT AND INSULIN LEVELS.

A

INTERMITTANT FASTING

36
Q

what is considered an energy dense food

A

225-275 kcal per 100g

37
Q

Limit the consumption of domesticated red meat to __ oz per week

A

18

38
Q

why should non-starchy fruits and veggies be the foundation of any diet

A

high in fiber and nutrients and low in energy density

39
Q

Non-starchy fruits and vegetables: there is probable evidence that these protect against cancers of the _____

A

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

limited evidence for protection against lung, colon, endometrial and ovarian cancers

40
Q

servings for non-starchy veggies?

A

5-7

41
Q

servings for fruit

A

2-3 servings - low in sugar (berries)

42
Q

nuts and seeds are good source of what?

A

fiber, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

43
Q

what cancer does physical activity protect against

A

**colon cancer

post-menopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer.

44
Q

maintan a lean body mass - what should be the BMI

A

19-25

45
Q

In animal models a 20-40% reduction in _____ relative to an unrestricted comparison group is one of the most potent and broadly acting dietary interventions for preventing or reversing weight gain and inhibiting cancer in experimental tumor models

A

total energy intake

46
Q

CALERIE trial – Comprehensive Assessment of Long Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy – many of the same metabolic and endocrine changes observed in rodents and monkeys are also occurring in humans in response to calorie restriction including a significant reduction in ____

A

tumor necrosis factor alpha.

47
Q

Woman at high risk for breast cancer showed reduction in inflammatory and growth factor signaling pathways by doing what?

A

either total caloric restriction or carbohydrate calorie restriction for 2 days/week

48
Q

Each increase in energy intake of___ kcal/day during childhood was associated with a 20% increase in adult cancers unrelated to smoking

A

238

49
Q

low risk group for incidence and mortality of carcinoma among white adults

A

limited smoking (< 5 pack years),

no or moderate alcohol, BMI

18.5 -27.5 and 75 minutes of vigorous activity or 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly.

high risk (those who do not meet the criteria)

50
Q

_____% of cancer cases and about half of cancer deaths could potentially be prevented through lifestyle modification, ie.low risk behaviors

A

20-40

51
Q

CALORIE RESTRICTION promotes metabolic and cellular changes that affect 1 and 2.

Optimizes energy metabolism and enhances 3.

A
  1. oxidative damage
  2. inflammation
  3. cellular protection
52
Q

Calorie restriction, including _____, decreases fasting glucose, insulin, insulin derived growth factor and C-reactive protein in humans resulting in protection from chronic inflammatory diseases including cancer.

A

intermittent fasting

53
Q

how has intermittent fasting shown to benefit humans

A

decreased risk factors and biomarkers for aging, CVD, diabetes and cancer.

54
Q

eating how many meals per day, eating breakfast vs not, and how long of fasting is associated with relative decrease in BMI

A

1-2 meals per day

eat breakfast

fasting >18 hours (vs 12 hrs)

Nutrition Exam 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions