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Child health > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does skin to skin contact cause?

A
  • regulation of temperature, heart rate and breathing in baby
  • a reduction in stress hormones in both mum and baby
  • feeding behaviour in baby
  • colonisation of babys microbiome by mum / dad microbes
  • lactation hormones in mum
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2
Q

Describe the benefits of breastfeeding for baby

A

Reduced;

  • incidence of otitis media
  • dental caries
  • malocclusion
  • more clarity of speech
  • supports mother baby relationship and mental health of both
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3
Q

Describe the benefits of breastmilk for baby

A

Reduced;

  • incidence of infection
  • severity of allergies, asthma, wheeze and heart disease
  • juvenile onset diabetes
  • sudden infant death syndrome
  • obesity in both childhood an adulthood
  • childhood leukaemia
  • high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels
  • UC and crohns
  • improves response to immunisations
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4
Q

Describe benefits of breastfeeding for mym

A
  • delays return to fertility
  • supports the mother baby relationship and the mental health of both

Reduces the risk of;

  • breast and ovarian cancer
  • CV disease
  • osteoporosis
  • obesity and T2DM
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5
Q

Name barriers to breastfeeding

A
  • socioeconomic status
  • stigma
  • lack of a supportive environment and privacy
  • fear of pain or discomfort
  • fear of inability to produce enough milk or nutrients
  • perceived impact on flexibility
  • perceived impact on exercise or diet
  • perceived impact on medication regime
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6
Q

Describe breastfeeding and HIV

A
  • supported to make evidence base and informed feeding choices
  • recommended that women with HIV living in resource rich settings avoid breastfeeding
  • provide a supermarket card to buy formula for 1 year and all baby equipment needed
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7
Q

Name the stages of lactation

A
  • lactogenesis 1; breast development and colostrum production from approx 16 weeks gestation
  • lactogenesis 2; onset of copious milk secretion occuring between 32 and 96 hours after birth
  • lactogenesis 3; maintenance of milk production
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8
Q

Which hormone inhibits milk production by inhibiting prolactin?

A

Progesterone

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9
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk production, responsive to touch and stimulation and is highest at night?

A

Prolactin

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10
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk delivery, acts on muscle cells in pulsatile action and is at higher levels when baby is near?

A

Oxytocin

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11
Q

What is attachment?

A

How the baby takes the breast into his mouth to enable him to feed

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12
Q

What is positioning?

A

How the mother holds her baby to help him to attach effectively to the breast

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13
Q

What does ineffective breastfeeding cause?

A

For mother;

  • sore nipples
  • engorgement
  • mastitis
  • low milk production
  • loss of confidence

For baby;

  • feeding very frequently
  • frustration
  • poor weight gain
  • jaundice
  • hypernatremia
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14
Q

How often does breast feeding occur?

A
  • first week; very often, could be every hour in the first few days
  • first few weeks; should feed at least 8 to 12 times or more every 24 hours
  • its fine to feed whenever they are hungry or when the breasts feel dull as its not possible to overfeed a breastfed baby
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15
Q

Name the components of breast milk

A
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • vitamins and minerals
  • immunoglobulins
  • transfer factors
  • nucleotides
  • anti inflammatory
  • hormones
  • bifidus factor
  • oligosaccharides
  • enzymes
  • white cells
  • viral fragments
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16
Q

Describe the features of colustrum

A
  • high levels of immunoglobulins, particularly lactoferrin
  • strong anti-inflammatory effect
  • stimulates gut growth
  • concentrated nutrition
  • initiated acidic pH environment
  • laxative effect to clear meconium
  • sets baby up for life outside the womb
  • small in volume but large in value
17
Q

Name signs of tongue tie

A
  • have difficulty attaching to the breast of staying attached for a full feed
  • feed for a ling time, have a short break, then feed again
  • be unsettled and seem to be hungry all the time
  • not gain weight as quickly as they should
  • make a ‘clicking’ sound as they feed
  • difficulty lifting tongue up or moving side to side
  • difficulty sticking their tongue out
  • heart shaped when stuck out
18
Q

Breastfeeding mums on medication should take this when?

A
  • immediately before breastfeeding

- take as a single dose before the babys longest sleep period

19
Q

Describe vitamin D supplementation

A
  • all pregnant and breastfeeding women should take a 10mcg supplement every day
  • healthy start vitamins are suitable for all mothers except vegans
  • if BMI <30, advised to take 2 mcg of vitamin D
  • breastfed babies from birth to 1 year of age should be given a daily supplement containing 8.5 to 10 mcg of vitamin D
  • formula fed babies do not need vitamin D supplement unless they have less than 500ml per day
20
Q

What does WHO recommend in terms of breastfeeding

A

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infants life. it is recommended breastfeeding should continue beyond six months, alongside the introduction of appropriate solid foods, for up to two years of age or as long as the mother chooses

21
Q

Name ways to encourage milk flow

A
  • the mother should be comfortable and relaxed in a quiet, private environment
  • close contact with her infant, preferably skin to skin contact or, if this is not possible, a photo of the infant may help
  • a warm bath or shower or applying warm flannels to the breast
  • gently massaging or stroking the breast towards the nipple for a few minutes may help the milk flow more easily
  • changing breasts every few minutes may help the milk flow
22
Q

Name the different types of infant formula

A
  • cows milk based infant formulas;
    • whey dominant
    • casein dominant
    • modified formulas marketed for minor digestive problems (often no efficacy)
  • goats milk based infant formulas
  • soya based infant formula
  • a range of specialised prescriptible infant formulas for specific medical conditions
23
Q

Infant formulas in the UK come in what two forms?

A
  • dried powder which is not sterile

- sterile UHT-treated ready to feed liquid that is more expensive

24
Q

The recommended methods of sterilisation are?

A
  • chemical
  • steam
  • microwave, with a special steamer
  • boiling water; equipment should be fully immersed in boiling water for ten minutes
25
Q

What is the EAR?

A
  • estimated average requirement

- about 1/2 will need more than the EAR and 1/2 will need less

26
Q

What is wasting?

A

Low weight for height

27
Q

What is stunting?

A

Low height for age

28
Q

What is underweight?

A

Low weight for age

29
Q

Name the different forms of malnutrition

A
  • undernutrition; wasting, stunting, underweight

- micronutrient related; micronutrient deficiencies (lack important vitamins and minerals), micronutrient excess

30
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake for protein?

A
  • 12.7g to 14.5g per day for infants ages 4 to 18 months
31
Q

How is the energy reference value calculated in 0-12 months?

A
  • energy deposited in new tissue + total energy expenditure
32
Q

How is the energy reference value calculated for 1-18 years?

A
  • total energy expenditure + deposited energy costs using factorial model BMR X PAL
33
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake for sodium?

A
  • <400mg (1g salt) for infants 0-12 months

- <800mg for children 1-3 years

Child health (5 decks)

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