Nutrition Flashcards
recommended fiber intake for men and women
25g
38g
anorexia
lack or loss of appetite
bmi
ratio of height to weight
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing or inability to swallow
enteral nutrition
alternate form of feeding that involves passing a tube into the GI tract to allow instillation of the appropriate formula
gastrostomy
opening created in stomach
basal metabolism
energy required to carry on the involuntary activities of the body at rest - energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues
bmr
basal metabolic rate
men have a higher BMR than women
maintaining body temp, propelling food through GI tract, inflating lungs, contracting hear muscle
underweight BMI
below 18.5
healthy BMI
18.5 to 24.9
overweight BMI
25 to 29.9
obese BMI
30 or greater
extreme obesity
greater than or equal to 40
waist circumference - women and men overweight
greater than 35, greater than 40
carbohydrates
provide energy
regulate fat and protein metabolism
regulate cardiac and cns function
3 macronutrients
carbs
protein
lipids
glycogen
stored carb energy in liver and muscles
released in between meals to help regulate blood sugar
Carbohydrates
4 cal/g
Protein function
tissue building metabolism immune function neutral nitrogen balance wound healing
complete proteins
animal sources
soy
all 9 essential amino acids
incomplete proteins
lack some essential amino acids
plant proteins
can have to incomplete that can combine to form complete (rice and beans)
Proteins
4 cal/g
Fats
saturated fats
unsaturated fats
Fat function
stored energy insulation hormone production absorption of fat soluble vitamins cellular transport
cholesterol
limited to 200 - 300 mg a day
fats
9 cal/g of energy
what is the only animal source for carbs
lactose
two types of carbohydrates
simple or complex sugars - converted to glucose for transport through the blood
how much carbohydrates are needed daily to prevent ketosis?
50 - 100 g
What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adults for protein
0.8g/kg of body weight
10% to 35% total calorie intake
why do men have higher BMR?
large muscle mass
Factors that increase BMR
growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, elevated levels of certain hormones
Factors that decrease BMR
aging, prolonged fasting, sleep
2 classifications for vitamins
water soluble or fat soluble
what are vitamins needed for
metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
how are vitamins absorbed
through intestinal wall directly into blood stream
water soluble vitamins
vitamin c
B complex vitamins (absorbic acid, thiamin, riboflacin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, folate and cobalamin)
how are water soluble vitamins excreted
through the urine
4 fat soluble vitamins
vitamins A, D, E, K
how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?
absorbed with fat into the lymphatic system. They must be attached to a protein to be transported thru the blood.
Where are excess fat soluble vitamins stored
stored in the liver and adipose tissue - because they are stored a daily intake is not necessary and deficiency symptoms may take weeks, months, years to develop
excessive intake of vitamins A and D is toxic
minerals
inorganic elements found in all body fluids and tissues in the form of salts or combined with organic compounds (iron in hemoglobin)
Function of minerals
- provide structure within the body
- whereas others help to regulate body processes
macrominerals
bulk minerals
needed by the body in amounts greater than 100 mg.day
calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium
microminerals
trace elements needed by the body in amounts less than 100 mg/day
iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, copper, iodine
how much does water account for in total weight
50-60%
2/3 of the body’s water is kept where
within cells intracellular fluid
remainder is in the extracellular fluid - plasma, intersitial fluid
water functions
- provides fluids medium necessary for all chemical reactions
- acts as a solvent and aids digestion, absorption, circulation and excretion
6 risk factors for poor nutritional health
development gender state of health alcohol abuse medications megadoses of nutrient supplements
BUN & creatnine measure what
kidney
protein supplements can lead to kidney disease
factors asessing for nutritional status
waist circumference, BMI, height and weight
nursing interventions for nutrition
teaching nutritional info monitor nutritional status stimulating appetite assisting with eating provide oral nutrition provide long term nutritional support
short term nutritional support
NG tube
nasaljejjunal tube
how to confirm NG tube placement
radiographic exam
measure of aspirate pH and visual assessment of aspirate
measurement of tube length and tube marking
carbon dioxide monitoring
long term nutritional support
enterostomal tube may be placed through opening in stomach or jejunum
malabsorption disease
small intestine
