Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Micronutrient deficiencies have ________ impacts during periods of ____ &______ as well as long-term effects on _________ _______.
A
Negative impacts
Growth & Development
Structural Integrity
2
Q
T/F: Pediatric nutritional supplemental dietary recommendations are fairly well defined.
A
True
3
Q
Early malnutrition may predispose us to an increased risk for ______ ________ later in life-specifically _______ _______
A
Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease
4
Q
What is a supplement?
What forms can they come in?
Is a supplement a food or the sole item of a meal/diet?
A
A product that supplements the diet
Pill, Capsule, Tablet, Liquid
No
5
Q
What are the most widely used types of dietary supplements?
A
Vitamins & Minerals
6
Q
Supplement use is a/w what types of people/lifestyles?
A
- Higher income
- Smoke-free environment
- Lower BMI
- Less daily TV/Video time
7
Q
Vitamin A is called?
A
Retinoid
8
Q
Vit A is ___-soluble
A
Fat
9
Q
Vit A is required for the transduction of light into neural signals necessary for vision. Therefore, intake in some forms have been associated w/decreased risk for:
A
Macular degeneration
Cataracts
Cancers
Cardiovascular events
10
Q
Vit A plays an important role in?
Also in?
A
Vision
Vertebrae, spinal cord, limb development, formation of heart, eyes, ears.
11
Q
T/F: Vit A increases macrophage phagocytic activity and increases cytokines that mediate T & B lymphocytic production.
A
True
12
Q
What foods is Vit A found in?
A
Fish, Liver, Dairy, colorful Fruits and Vegies, some oily plants
13
Q
What is the daily recommended intake of Vit A in infants based on?
A
Infants primarily fed breastmilk
14
Q
Is Vit A common in the US?
A
No-rare. Cows milk, human milk (except preterm), and formulas are all good sources
15
Q
Vit A deficiency might be an issue in children w/what disorder?
A
Fat-Malabsorption
16
Q
Is preterm breastmilk low in Vit A?
A
Yes
17
Q
A Cochrane review concluded that VLBW infants who were supplemented w/Vit A had a reduction in ______ or _______ requirement at 1 month of age and reduction of ______ requirement at 36 wks w/BW <1 kg
A
Death or Oxygen requirement
Oxygen
18
Q
Vitamin A may prevent _____ ______ and promote ________.
A
Lung injury
Healing
19
Q
Vit A reduced what lung Dz?
A
BPD
20
Q
Low _____ levels has been shown to be a risk factor for Maternal-Child transmission of HIV
A
Vit A
21
Q
Is there special recommendation concerning dietary supplementation w/Vit A?
A
No
22
Q
Preterm infants fed breastmilk will need what?
A
Fortification of Vit A
23
Q
There is some evidence that supplemental Vit A may be indicated for what type of preterm infants?
A
LBW
24
Q
What is the other name for Vit D?
A
Calciferol
25
Vit D is essential for what?
Proper growth and development of skeletal system
26
Vit D works with ______ _____ to maintain serum ____ & ______ concentrations
Parathyroid Hormone
| Ca++ & Phosphate
27
Where is Vit D synthesized?
Skin
28
The precursors of Vit D require what to convert to the Active form?
What is the common name for Vit D?
UVB light
the Sunshine Vitamin--deficiency is higher in areas where exposure to sunlight is limited
29
What sources is Vit D found?
Egg yolks, butter, whole milk, fatty fish, fish oils, mushrooms, liquid/dried milk, breakfast cereals
30
Is human milk low or high in Vit D?
Low--unless mom is receiving very high doses of the vitamin
31
Vit D deficiency leads to?
Characterized by?
Rickets
Impaired skeletal mineralization causing deformities and poorer linear growth of long bones
32
What are the clinical signs of Rickets in an infant?
Later in life?
Craniotables, Frontal skull bossing, Widened Ribs, Bowed legs, Muscle Weakness
Osteomalacia, various chronic Dz's: CV, HTN, DM, inflammatory/autoimmune, CA
33
Hyper/Hypo-Calcemia and Hypervitaminosis D disrupts normal _____ function--->polydypsia & polyuria
Hypercalcemia
| Kidney Function
34
The AAP recommends that all breastfed babies be supplemented with what vitamin?
Formula-fed infants need to consume at least ___ Liter/day Vit D fortified formula
Vitamin D
1 L/day
35
Vit E functions as a _____ breaking ___________ to prevent free radical damage--especially important for cells exposed to ________ like the lungs and RBC's.
Chain-breaking
Antioxidant
Oxygen
36
Name dietary sources of Vit E
Whole grains, nuts, vegetable oils, meats, what germ, safflower oil, sunflower oil
37
Does breatmilk supply adequate amounts of Vit E in Term and Preterm infants?
Yes, both
38
T/F: Vit E deficiency is common in the US
What are signs of Vit E deficiency?
False, it's rare except situations r/t fat-malabsorption
Peripheral neuropathy, Hemolytic Anemia, Abnormalities in Platelet Fxn
39
Does the AAP recommend pharmacologic doses of Vit E for prevention or treatment of ROP, BPD, or IVH?
NO
40
When is the only time Vit E supplementation will be required?
Situations of Fat-malabsorption
41
What Vitamin functions as the coenzyme for synthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism?
Vitamin K
42
Which proteins are dependent on Vit K?
```
Plasma Prothrombin (factor 2), 7, 9, 10
& Protein C and Protein S
```
43
Where is Vit K sourced from?
Diet
| Intestinal Flora
44
What are dietary sources of vit K?
Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil, margarine
45
Are there high or low levels of Vitamin K in human breastmilk?
Low
46
Are oral Vit K supplements licensed in the US?
No
47
Vit K deficiency is a/w bleeding during the first few ______s of life
Weeks
48
Vit K deficiency bleeding is categorized as?
Early
Classic
Late
49
Is Vit K toxicity rare or common?
Rare-and no adverse effects have been reported
50
Is there a relationship between Vit K at birth and childhood CA/Leukemia?
No
51
NB's have __________ stores of Vit K at birth d/t ______ _________ transfer.
Inadequate
| Poor Placental transfer
52
Serum Vit K level is ____ or ____________ in cord blood.
Low
| Undetectable
53
Early Vit K deficiency happens when?
What are some sequellae?
Early Vit K deficiency is sometimes noted in which infant's?
First 24 hrs life
ICH, Cephalic hematomas, intra-abdominal hemorrhages
Infants w/mom's tx'd w/anti-hypertensives or anti-convulsants during pregnancy
54
When does Classic Vit K deficiency happen?
What signs might you see?
Day 2-7
Bleeding from umbilical stump, GI tract, or circ site
55
When does Late Vit K deficiency happen?
What often results?
Day7-3 months of age.
ICH and sometimes death
56
T/F: In babies w/ fat-malabsorption, Vit K supplement may be needed.
True
57
What might be an option of supplementation for families who do not want their infant to receive a dose of Vit K at birth?
Maternal Vit K supplement (although not seen in practice)
58
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Ca++
59
What mineral is the main structural component of the skeletal system?
Ca++
60
What mineral is regulated by several hormones including PTH,and Calcitonin?
Ca++
61
Low/High Ca++ concentrations generally imply abnormal _______ function or _____ failure
Low
Parathyroid
Kidney
62
In what foods is Ca+ found?
Dairy products
Dark green veggies
Legumes
Fortified food
63
___% Ca++ is found in bones and teeth. The other % is also crucial for health.
99%
64
Where is the remaining 1% Ca++ found?
How does it function?
Plasma & Soft tissues
Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Muscle contraction, Nerve impulse transmission, Hormone secretion
65
Intake of Ca++ from fromula may need to be ______ in order to achieve the same retention as infants who are fed human milk (term infants)
Greater
66
LBW infants are at risk for these biochemical abnormalities when deficiencies of Ca++ exist:
```
Rickets
Low rates of bone mineralization
Reduced linear growth
Low net mineral retention
Hypophosphatemia
Reduced bone mass and subsequent Osteoporosis
```
67
T/F: Effects of excessive intake are not known in infants/children
True
68
In term infants, Human milk is thought to be a __________ source of Ca++ for the first ___ months of life.
Sufficient
6 months
69
Preterm infants have _______ Ca++ needs than Term infants
Higher
70
T/F: AAP recommends supplementation of Ca++ in preemies?
True
| via: HMF, premature formulas, multivitamin preparations
71
In adults w/excessive Ca++ intake what might they have?
Poor muscle tone, Kidney stones, Hypercalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Constipation, Excessive urine loss, Nausea, Coma, Death
72
Iron is an essential _______
Mineral
73
Iron constitutes several classes of ______
| Including:
Protein
- Heme proteins (hemoglobin)
- Iron-sulfur
- Nonheme enzymes (flavoproteins)
- Enzymes involved in iron storage and transport
74
Iron plays a role in _____ synthesis
DNA
75
___ proteins are required for the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
Heme proteins
76
____ deficiency is the best known nutritional deficiency in the world.
The best known consequence from it is_____.
Iron
Anemia
77
___% of the word's Anemia is from Iron deficiency accounting for >840,000 deaths/year.
50%
78
__-__% of Full Term infants will develop iron deficiency Anemia.
Preemies are at higher/lower incidence.
3-30%
Higher
79
Iron deficiency anemia causes ______ & ______ developmental delays
Mental
| Motor
80
Iron supplemented in kids >2y/o, resulted in what?
Increased cognition and enhanced physical performance
81
Homeostasis of Iron is primarily maintained through the coordinated _________ of absorption and __________.
regulation
| transport
82
What are dietary sources of iron?
Heme-based: animal-based foods
None-heme based: grain, fruits, vegetables
Human milk: highly bioavailable source
Cow milk-based formula is less well absorbed, recommended >1 yr. age
83
AAP: healthy, full-term babies should receive Iron supplemented sources starting at ___-___ months from complimentary foods.
4-6 months
84
Preterm or LBW infants should begin iron supplementation at ___ month of age
1 month
| in NICU- at 2 wks of age if on full feeds
85
What are adverse effects of Excess iron administration?
```
Promotion of cellular oxidation
Impaired resistance to infection
Interference w/absorption or metabolism of other nutrients
GI abnormalities
Behavioral disturbances
```
86
Zinc is an essential _____ ________.
trace mineral
87
Zinc has numerous ______ and ________ functions.
Physiologic
| Biochemical
88
Zinc is a structural and/or regulatory component of nearly 300 _______ in which it maintains structural integrity and plays a role in regulation of gene ____________.
enzymes
expression
89
Like iron, Zinc is absorbed greater from a _____-based diet vs. _____-based.
Animal
| Plant
90
Name some animal food sources of Zinc
Red meat
Oysters
Poultry
Liver
91
Name some plant food sources of Zinc
```
Beans
Nuts
Whole grains
Fortified cereals
Legumes
```
92
T/F: Zinc is highly bioavailable in human milk
True
93
Zinc concentrations ________ as lactation progresses
Decline
94
Zinc concentration is ______ in human milk vs. cow milk (just like iron)
Higher
95
Absorption of Zinc is _____ in Soy formulas compared to cow milk-based formulas and human milk
Less
96
Name some signs of Zinc deficiency
```
Growth retardation
Alopecia
Diarrhea
Delayed sexual maturation and impotence
Eye and skin lesions
Loss of appetite
Behavior (ADHD)
```
97
Excess Zinc intake causes:
Suppression of immune response
Decreased HDL cholesterol
Reduced Copper
Acute toxicity: epigastric pain, diarrhea, N&V
98
What does chronic, excessive intake of zinc induce?
Secondary Copper deficiency (by competitive interaction during intestinal absorption)
99
Infants fed human milk may benefit from zinc supplementation at what age?
6 months
100
During what age are zinc requirements high?
Second half of the first year (6-12 months)
101
True/False: Preterm formulas and HMF's are a source of Zinc supplementation.
True
102
What are some food sources of zinc?
Lean beef, Legumes, Fortified cereals
103
Iodine is a ____ _______ essential for the synthesis of the Thyroid hormones T4 and T3.
trace mineral
104
Iodine is _______ absorbed and removed from the body
rapidly
105
T/F: Can iodine be absorbed through the skin from topical applications?
Yes (povidone iodine)
106
Iodine content in food depends on the iodine content of the _____ and _____ that were used to grow them.
soil
| water
107
Name some sources of iodine
Ocean fish, mollusks
| Iodized salt
108
Does human milk have iodine?
Yes, it is dependent on mother's intake
109
Human milk, milk-based formulas and cow milk are all ______ sources of iodine
good
110
Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of:
Human growth, development, metabolism, & reproductive function
111
Most iodine is concentrated where?
the Thyroid gland
112
What are other target organs of iodine concentration?
Brain, Muscle, Heart, Pituitary, Kidney
113
T/F: Iodine deficiency is still a common world-wide deficiency.
True
114
What can inadequate Iodine intake result in?
```
Goiter
Mental retardation
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism
Growth and developmental abnormalities
```
115
Excessive Iodine intake has not been sufficiently _______.
It is recommended the only source during the 1st yr/life be from _______ & _______.
Studied
Food
Formula
116
What dietary mineral is a/w the prevention of dental caries and stimulation of new bone formation?
Fluoride
117
T/F: Fluoride enhances re-mineralization of enamel.
True
118
_______ is present in saliva and dental plaque.
Fluoride
119
In young children, as much as _____% Fluoride can be retained by developing skeleton and teeth.
80%
120
____ foods contain fluoride naturally.
| What are they?
Few
| Marine fish and some teas
121
What is our main source of Fluoride?
Artificially fluoridated water
122
T/F: the content of Fluoride in individuals varies greatly
True
123
The content of Fluoride in breastmilk depends on what?
Mother's intake of Fluoride
124
The content of fluoride in formula depends on what?
The water used to reconstitute it
125
Inadequate intake of Fluoride places individuals at risk for?
Dental Carries.
126
The earlier children are exposed to Fluoridated water or dietary supplements, the greater _______ of carries in both primary and permanent teeth.
decrease
127
Dietary Fluoride supplements are intended to compensate for what?
Fluoride deficient drinking water
128
Excessive Fluoride intake can result in varying degrees of?
Fluorosis
129
Mild Fluorosis may render the _____ more resistant to carries.
Enamel
130
Moderate-severe forms of Fluorosis cause ______ issues due to increased porosity (causes the enamel to appear opaque and mottled)
Cosmetic
131
Omega-3 Fatty Acids are important for?
| By providing?
Visual and Neurological development
Protection from inflammation
Optimal immune function
Decreasing risk of chronic, Dz's: CV
132
Where are Omega-3 Fatty Acids found?
Oils (canola and flaxseed)
Meats
Eggs
133
The Content of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in human milk is dependent on what?
Mom's diet
134
Formula content of Omega-3 Fatty Acids is usually ____.
Low--it is made w/corn, coconut, safflower, and soy oils.
135
Some evidence exists that intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids benefits?
Cognitive and Behavioral performance
136
What would excessive Omega-3 Fatty Acid intake lead to?
Possible increased risk of conditions a/w oxidative damage (BPD, NEC)
