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Neonatal Pharmacology > Apnea > Flashcards

Apnea Flashcards

1
Q

Methylxanthines were first reported as effective in what decade?

A

1970’s

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2
Q

What 2 Methylxanthines are 1st line treatment for Neonatal Apnea?

A

Caffeine

Theophylline

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3
Q

What are the MOA’s of Methylxanthines?

A
  1. Respiratory Center Stimulation
  2. Improvement in Respiratory Muscle Contraction –the above 2 are the biggest-
  3. Altered Sleep States
  4. Metabolic Rate
  5. Cardiac Output
  6. Metabolic Homeostasis (increased oxygenation and glucose–>decreased Apnea)
  7. Potentiation of Catecholamine effect (increased oxygenation)
  8. May provide an anti-inflammatory action in the immature lung
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4
Q

How does Improvement respiratory muscle contraction work to decrease Apnea?

A
  • Increased Respiratory Muscle Fxn
  • Improved Diaphragmatic Efficiency
  • Increased Force Production w/electrical stimulation
  • Decreased recovery time of fatigued muscles (fatigue a/w Apnea)
  • Increase in Neuromuscular transmission–>Increased muscle tone–>r/t increased FRC & better oxygenation
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5
Q

How does Respiratory center stimulation work to decrease Apnea?

A
  • Increased minute ventilation
  • Decreased PaCO2 by increasing CO2 sensitivity
  • Increasing in most indices of neurorespiratory drive (Vt)
  • Optimal ventilatory responses (doses 10 mg/kg)
  • Antagonize depressive effects of Narcotics (Codeine, MsO4, Niperidine)
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6
Q

Even in Methylxanthine doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg, what will be noted in the NB?

A

Increased Vt

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetics =

A

The study of the action of drugs within the body.

what the body does with the drug

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8
Q

What does Pharmacokinetics include?

A 
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Onset of Action
Duration of Effect
Biotransformation 
Effects of routes of excretion of drug metabolites
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9
Q

Plasma clearance and elimination are ________ in newborns

A

Prolonged

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10
Q

Why can Caffeine be given more sparingly?

Why is drug monitoring not so critical w/Caffeine vs. Theophylline?

A

Because Caffeine’s T2 is 100 hrs (vs. 30 hrs in Theophylline

~25% of Theophylline is methylated to Caffeine. The plasma level at steady state fluctuates.

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11
Q

What is the desired plasma level of Caffeine?

Theophylline?

A

5-20 mg/L

5-15 mg/L

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12
Q

What is the dosing interval for Theophylline?

A

1-3 times/day

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13
Q

What is the dosing interval for Caffeine?

A

1 time/day

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14
Q

What is the preferred alternative in infants with Apnea of prematurity?

Why?

A

Caffeine

  • Longer T2
  • Wider therapeutic range (w/lower toxicity risk)
  • Decreased rate adverse effects
  • Ease of change from IV to PO (equivalent bioavailability
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15
Q

Both Caffeine and Theophylline can lead to what side effect?

A

Increased urinary excretion of Ca++

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16
Q

Theophylline concentrations > 15mg/L may be a/w?

So, what should you do?

A

Tachycardia

Consider holding the med w/HR >180 bp

17
Q

What are the signs of Toxicity in Aminophylline/Theophylline?

A 
Sinus tachycardia 
Failure to gain wt
Vomiting
Jittery
Hyperreflexia
Seizures
18
Q

Numerous studies and clinical trials have documented what benefits of Methylxanthines?

A
  • Decreasing # A’s & B’s
  • Decreasing Cyanotic spells
  • Possible improvement in the coordination between upper airway and respiratory muscles
  • Less use of Mechanical ventilation
  • Improved weaning from mechanical vent
19
Q

Many practices will use Caffeine or Theophylline as ________ prior to extubation

A

Adjunct

20
Q

What are the effects of methylxanthine use?

A 
Improved:
Lung function
-animal studies: better fxn, higher compliance, decrease in vent support
PDA
Cardiac Fxn (inc. SV, HR, B/P)
Other
21
Q

What are the other effects a/w methylxanthine use?

A

CNS stim, smooth muscle relax, systemic blood vessel dilation, cerebral blood vasoconstriction, diuresis, augmentation of metabolic rate, bronchodilation, shortened blood coag time, stim. of insulin release, stim of glucagon release, inc. catecholamine release, inc. BS, inc. cortisol secretion, inc. plasma free-fatty acids, inc O2 consumption, dec. wt gain, a/w NEC (although not in CAP study)

22
Q

Are Apnea w/hypoxemic episodes a/w NEC?

A

Yes

23
Q

Small studies in infants w/BPD showed what within 1 hr of Caffeine Tx?

A

Decreased Airway resistance

Improved Lung mechanics

24
Q

Did the CAP trial (caffeine for Apnea) show a statistically significant difference in the rate of BPD?

Did it show statistically significant decrease in PDA incidence in <1250 gms and surgical ligation?

A

Yes

Yes

25
Q

Are there any long-term effects w/Methylxanthine use?

A
  • Animal studies–yes
  • Human infants–no independent adverse effect on long-term outcome.
  • Several studies demonstrated no long-term effects
26
Q

What is Doxapram?

A

CNS stimulant (not Methylxanthine)

27
Q

Have long-term outcomes been measured in Doxapram use?

When is Doxapram used?

A

No.

It’s reserved for cases where Methylxanthines are not effective and only before considering more aggressive tx (i.e. mechanical ventilation)

28
Q

Why isn’t Doxapram used more consistenly?

A

Because of proven safety & efficacy of methylxanthines & uncertainty of s/e’s of Doxapram

29
Q

Apnea r/t premature is a Dx of ________?

A

Exclusion

30
Q

Apnea can be ___________ from:

A 
Multicausal:
Metabolic
Infectious
Neurologic
Other (risk factors)

Neonatal Pharmacology (17 decks)

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