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Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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2
Q

What type of vitamins are more commonly accumulate to toxic levels

A

Fat soluble vitamins since accumulate in fat

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3
Q

Common causes of malabsorption syndromes with steatorrhea that lead to fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

A

Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, or mineral oil intake

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4
Q

Site of B12 storage

A

Liver

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5
Q

Duration of B12 storage before symptoms develop

A

3-4 years

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6
Q

Symptoms of B-complex deficiencies

A

Dermatitis, glossitis, and diarrhea

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7
Q

Thiamine

A

Vitamin B1

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8
Q

Function of vitamin B1

A

In thymine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor for several dehydrogenase reactions

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9
Q

Enzymes that require vitamin B1

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (think ATP)

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10
Q

Consequence of vitamin B1 deficiency in alcoholics or malnourished patients

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Beriberi

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11
Q

Classic triad of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia

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12
Q

Damage caused by Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies

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13
Q

How is diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency made?

A

Increased RBC transketolase after giving vitamin B1

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14
Q

Tissues more affected first by vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Highly aerobic tissues like brain and heart

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15
Q

Disease in vitamin B1 deficiency that presents with polyneuritis and symmetrical muscle wasting

A

Dry beriberi

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16
Q

Treatment for alcoholics or malnourished patients

A

Give thiamine before glucose to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy

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17
Q

Disease in vitamin B1 deficiency that presents with dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

A

Wet beriberi

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18
Q

Inflammation of lips, scaling, and fissures at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

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19
Q

FAD and FMN are derived from what vitamin

A

Vitamin B2

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20
Q

Two cofactors derived from vitamin B2 used in redox reactions

A

FAD and FMN

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21
Q

Consequence of vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Cheilosis and corneal vascularization

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22
Q

Cofactors derived from vitamin B2

A

FAD and FMN

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23
Q

Which B vitamin is niacin

A

Vitamin B3

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24
Q

Which B vitamin is riboflavin

A

Vitamin B2

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25
Q

Vitamin that is an essential component of coenzyme A

A

Vitamin B5

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26
Q

Consequence of vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Glossitis and pellagra

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27
Q

What amino acid is niacin derived from?

A

Tryptophan

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28
Q

Synthesis of niacin requires what two vitamins

A

Vitamin B3 and B6

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29
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder that can cause niacin deficiency

A

Hartnup disease

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30
Q

Causes of niacin deficiency

A

Hartnup disease, isoniazid, malignant carcinoid syndrome

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31
Q

Symptoms of Pellagra

A

Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis

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32
Q

Patient who presents with dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and adrenal insufficiency is deficient in what vitamin

A

Vitamin B5

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33
Q

Other name for vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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34
Q

Presentation of excess nitrogen

A

Facial flushing, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia

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35
Q

Facial flushing in niacin excess can be avoided how?

A

Taking aspirin with niacin

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36
Q

Mechanism of Hartnup disease

A

Not enough niacin made since not enough tryptophan is reabsorbed due to insufficient neutral amino acid transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and enterocytes

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37
Q

Treatment for Hartnup disease

A

High protein diet and nicotinic acid

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38
Q

What vitamin is found in NAD and NAD+

A

Niacin (B3)

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39
Q

Patient who presents with broad collar rash, hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin with diarrhea and dementia is deficient in what vitamin

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

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40
Q

What vitamin is an essential component of CoA and fatty acid synthase

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

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41
Q

Vitamin converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor in transamination, decarboxylation rxns, and glycogen phosphorylase

A

Vitamin B6

42
Q

Other name for vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

43
Q

Drugs that cause vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Isoniazid and OCPs

44
Q

Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy

45
Q

Type of anemia caused by vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Sideroblastic anemia

46
Q

Neurotransmitters that require vitamin B6

A

Serotonin, epinephrine, NE, dopamine, GABA

47
Q

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes

A

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

48
Q

What can cause biotin deficiency?

A

Antibiotic use or eating too many egg whites

49
Q

What component in egg whites causes biotin deficiency?

A

Avidin

50
Q

Vitamin important in synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

A

Folate (Vitamin B9)

51
Q

Other name for vitamin B7

A

Biotin

52
Q

What is folate converted to?

A

THF, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions

53
Q

Source of folate

A

Leafy green vegetables

54
Q

Part of GI tract that absorbs folate

A

Jejunum

55
Q

Type of anemia caused by folate deficiency

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

56
Q

Labs indicating folate deficiency

A

Increased homocysteine and normal methylmalonic acid

57
Q

Other name for vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

58
Q

Most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S. and seen in alcoholism and pregnancy

A

Folate deficiency (B9)

59
Q

Source of B12

A

Animal products

60
Q

Neurological deficit caused by B12 deficiency

A

Paresthesias from degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts

61
Q

Lab values seen in B12 deficiency

A

Increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and folate deficiency

62
Q

Consequence of prolonged B12 deficiency

A

Irreversible nerve damage

63
Q

Part of GI tract that absorbs vitamin B12

A

Terminal ileum

64
Q

Vitamin B12 binding protein required for proper absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

65
Q

Type of diet that causes B12 deficiency

A

Veganism

66
Q

Storage site for B12 in body

A

Liver

67
Q

Function of ascorbic acid

A

Antioxidant and reduces iron

68
Q

Source of vitamin C

A

Fruits and vegetables

69
Q

Consequence of Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

70
Q

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of what two amino acids

A

Proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

71
Q

Collagen synthesis defect that presents with corkscrew hair and poor wound healing

A

Scurvy

72
Q

Symptoms of excess vitamin C

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

73
Q

Vitamin C excess increases the risk of what in those with transfusion or hereditary hemochromatosis

A

Iron toxicity

74
Q

Other name for vitamin D2

A

Ergocalciferol

75
Q

Source of ergocalciferol

A

Plants

76
Q

Other name for vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

77
Q

Source of cholecalciferol

A

Sun-exposed skin and milk

78
Q

Storage form of vitamin D

A

25-OH D3

79
Q

Active form of vitamin D

A

1,25-(OH)2 D3

80
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

81
Q

Low levels of vitamin D increase what bone process

A

Increased bone mineralization

82
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children

A

Rickets

83
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

A

Osteomalacia

84
Q

High levels of vitamin D increases what bone process

A

Increased bone resorption

85
Q

Malnutrition not causing edema resulting in muscle wasting

A

Marasmus

86
Q

Kwashiorkor results from deficiency of which macromolecule

A

Protein

87
Q

Presentation of Kwashiorkor

A

Edema, anemia, fatty liver, and skin lesions

88
Q

Cause of fatty liver in Kwashiorkor

A

Decreased apolipoprotein synthesis

89
Q

Cause of edema in Kwashiorkor

A

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

90
Q

Vitamin important in transcription factor motif

A

Zinc

91
Q

Presentation of Zinc deficiency

A

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair

92
Q

Vitamin K dependent clotting factors

A

Factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S

93
Q

What anticoagulant inhibits vitamin K

A

Warfarin

94
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is seen in what vitamin deficiency

A

Zinc

95
Q

Vitamin that protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage

A

Vitamin E

96
Q

What does vitamin D do to warfarin

A

Enhances its anticoagulation effects

97
Q

Presentation of vitamin E deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract degeneration

98
Q

Other name for vitamin E

A

Tocopherol or tocotrienol

99
Q

Enzyme that activates vitamin K

A

Epoxide reductase

100
Q

Why are neonates given vitamin K injection at birth

A

Prevents hemorrhagic disease since cannot make vitamin K (sterile intestines)

Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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