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Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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2
Q

What type of vitamins are more commonly accumulate to toxic levels

A

Fat soluble vitamins since accumulate in fat

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3
Q

Common causes of malabsorption syndromes with steatorrhea that lead to fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

A

Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, or mineral oil intake

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4
Q

Site of B12 storage

A

Liver

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5
Q

Duration of B12 storage before symptoms develop

A

3-4 years

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6
Q

Symptoms of B-complex deficiencies

A

Dermatitis, glossitis, and diarrhea

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7
Q

Thiamine

A

Vitamin B1

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8
Q

Function of vitamin B1

A

In thymine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor for several dehydrogenase reactions

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9
Q

Enzymes that require vitamin B1

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (think ATP)

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10
Q

Consequence of vitamin B1 deficiency in alcoholics or malnourished patients

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Beriberi

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11
Q

Classic triad of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia

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12
Q

Damage caused by Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies

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13
Q

How is diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency made?

A

Increased RBC transketolase after giving vitamin B1

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14
Q

Tissues more affected first by vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Highly aerobic tissues like brain and heart

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15
Q

Disease in vitamin B1 deficiency that presents with polyneuritis and symmetrical muscle wasting

A

Dry beriberi

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16
Q

Treatment for alcoholics or malnourished patients

A

Give thiamine before glucose to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy

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17
Q

Disease in vitamin B1 deficiency that presents with dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

A

Wet beriberi

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18
Q

Inflammation of lips, scaling, and fissures at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

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19
Q

FAD and FMN are derived from what vitamin

A

Vitamin B2

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20
Q

Two cofactors derived from vitamin B2 used in redox reactions

A

FAD and FMN

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21
Q

Consequence of vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Cheilosis and corneal vascularization

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22
Q

Cofactors derived from vitamin B2

A

FAD and FMN

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23
Q

Which B vitamin is niacin

A

Vitamin B3

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24
Q

Which B vitamin is riboflavin

A

Vitamin B2

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25
Vitamin that is an essential component of coenzyme A
Vitamin B5
26
Consequence of vitamin B3 deficiency
Glossitis and pellagra
27
What amino acid is niacin derived from?
Tryptophan
28
Synthesis of niacin requires what two vitamins
Vitamin B3 and B6
29
Autosomal recessive disorder that can cause niacin deficiency
Hartnup disease
30
Causes of niacin deficiency
Hartnup disease, isoniazid, malignant carcinoid syndrome
31
Symptoms of Pellagra
Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis
32
Patient who presents with dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and adrenal insufficiency is deficient in what vitamin
Vitamin B5
33
Other name for vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
34
Presentation of excess nitrogen
Facial flushing, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia
35
Facial flushing in niacin excess can be avoided how?
Taking aspirin with niacin
36
Mechanism of Hartnup disease
Not enough niacin made since not enough tryptophan is reabsorbed due to insufficient neutral amino acid transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and enterocytes
37
Treatment for Hartnup disease
High protein diet and nicotinic acid
38
What vitamin is found in NAD and NAD+
Niacin (B3)
39
Patient who presents with broad collar rash, hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin with diarrhea and dementia is deficient in what vitamin
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
40
What vitamin is an essential component of CoA and fatty acid synthase
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
41
Vitamin converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor in transamination, decarboxylation rxns, and glycogen phosphorylase
Vitamin B6
42
Other name for vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
43
Drugs that cause vitamin B6 deficiency
Isoniazid and OCPs
44
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy
45
Type of anemia caused by vitamin B6 deficiency
Sideroblastic anemia
46
Neurotransmitters that require vitamin B6
Serotonin, epinephrine, NE, dopamine, GABA
47
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
48
What can cause biotin deficiency?
Antibiotic use or eating too many egg whites
49
What component in egg whites causes biotin deficiency?
Avidin
50
Vitamin important in synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
Folate (Vitamin B9)
51
Other name for vitamin B7
Biotin
52
What is folate converted to?
THF, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
53
Source of folate
Leafy green vegetables
54
Part of GI tract that absorbs folate
Jejunum
55
Type of anemia caused by folate deficiency
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
56
Labs indicating folate deficiency
Increased homocysteine and normal methylmalonic acid
57
Other name for vitamin B12
Cobalamin
58
Most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S. and seen in alcoholism and pregnancy
Folate deficiency (B9)
59
Source of B12
Animal products
60
Neurological deficit caused by B12 deficiency
Paresthesias from degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts
61
Lab values seen in B12 deficiency
Increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and folate deficiency
62
Consequence of prolonged B12 deficiency
Irreversible nerve damage
63
Part of GI tract that absorbs vitamin B12
Terminal ileum
64
Vitamin B12 binding protein required for proper absorption
Intrinsic factor
65
Type of diet that causes B12 deficiency
Veganism
66
Storage site for B12 in body
Liver
67
Function of ascorbic acid
Antioxidant and reduces iron
68
Source of vitamin C
Fruits and vegetables
69
Consequence of Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
70
Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of what two amino acids
Proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
71
Collagen synthesis defect that presents with corkscrew hair and poor wound healing
Scurvy
72
Symptoms of excess vitamin C
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
73
Vitamin C excess increases the risk of what in those with transfusion or hereditary hemochromatosis
Iron toxicity
74
Other name for vitamin D2
Ergocalciferol
75
Source of ergocalciferol
Plants
76
Other name for vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
77
Source of cholecalciferol
Sun-exposed skin and milk
78
Storage form of vitamin D
25-OH D3
79
Active form of vitamin D
1,25-(OH)2 D3
80
Function of vitamin D
Increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
81
Low levels of vitamin D increase what bone process
Increased bone mineralization
82
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Rickets
83
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
84
High levels of vitamin D increases what bone process
Increased bone resorption
85
Malnutrition not causing edema resulting in muscle wasting
Marasmus
86
Kwashiorkor results from deficiency of which macromolecule
Protein
87
Presentation of Kwashiorkor
Edema, anemia, fatty liver, and skin lesions
88
Cause of fatty liver in Kwashiorkor
Decreased apolipoprotein synthesis
89
Cause of edema in Kwashiorkor
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
90
Vitamin important in transcription factor motif
Zinc
91
Presentation of Zinc deficiency
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair
92
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors
Factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S
93
What anticoagulant inhibits vitamin K
Warfarin
94
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is seen in what vitamin deficiency
Zinc
95
Vitamin that protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage
Vitamin E
96
What does vitamin D do to warfarin
Enhances its anticoagulation effects
97
Presentation of vitamin E deficiency
Hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract degeneration
98
Other name for vitamin E
Tocopherol or tocotrienol
99
Enzyme that activates vitamin K
Epoxide reductase
100
Why are neonates given vitamin K injection at birth
Prevents hemorrhagic disease since cannot make vitamin K (sterile intestines)

Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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