Cellular Flashcards by Felipe Arredonodo

Shortest phase of the cell cycle

M phase

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What do mutations in tumor suppressors result in

Unrestrained cell division

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What tumor suppressor inhibits progression of G1 to S phase

Rb and p53

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Phosphorylate other proteins to coordinate cell cycle progression

Cyclin-CDK complexes

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Regulator proteins that control cell cycle events by activating CDKs

Cyclins

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Cell types that enter G1 from Go when stimulated

Quiescent cells

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Neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and RBCs are what cell types

Permanent cells

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Cell types that rapidly divide, never to Go, and most affected by chemotherapy

Labile cells

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Classic example of quiescent cell types

Hepatocytes

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Cells that remain in Go and generate from stem cells

Permanent cells

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Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, and germ cells are what cell types

Labile cells

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Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Smooth ER (SER)

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Organs that have cells rich in SER

Hepatocytes and steroid-hormone producing cells of adrenal cortex and gonads

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Site of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins

Rough ER (RER)

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Adds mannose-6-phosphate to proteins for trafficking to lysosomes

trans-Golgi

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Synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion

Nissl bodies (RER in neurons)

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Site of synthesis of cytosolic and organellar proteins

Free ribosomes

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Site of synthesis of secretory proteins

Rough ER (RER)

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Cells rich in RER

Mucus-secreting goblet cells of small intestine and antibody-secreting plasma cells

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Send material to lysosomes for destruction or back to the membrane/Golgi for further use

Endosomes

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Distribution center for proteins and lipids from the ER

Golgi apparatus

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Sorting center for material from outside the cell or from the Golgi

Endosomes

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Disorder that results in coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted movement and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes

I-cell disease

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Cause of I-cell disease

Defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase

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Failure of Golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues on glycoproteins causing proteins to be secreted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes

I-cell disease

Genetic inheritance of I-cell disease

Autosomal recessive

Cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that traffics proteins from the ribosome to the RER

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

Consequence of absent or dysfunctional SRP

Proteins accumulate in the cytosol

Protein responsible for retrograde Golgi to Golgi transport

COPI

Protein responsible for trans-Golgi to lysosome transport

Clathrin

Protein responsible for cis-Golgi to ER transport

COPI

Protein responsible for anterograde ER to cis-Golgi transport

COPII

Protein involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis like LDL receptor activity

Clathrin

Responsible for modifying N- and O-oligosaccharides

Golgi

What amino acid is added to N-oligosaccharides by the Golgi

Asparagine

What amino acid is added to O-oligosaccharides by the Golgi

Serine and threonine

Barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins

Proteosome

Deficits in proteosome-ubiquitin complex are associated with what disease

Parkinson disease

Beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids occurs in this organelle

Peroxisome

Actin and microvilli are composed of what type of filaments

Microfilaments

Mitotic spindle is composed of what type of filaments

Microtubules

Filaments that maintain cell structure

Intermediate filaments

Filaments responsible for cell movement

Microtubules

Filaments responsible for muscle contraction

Microfilaments

Filaments that make up cilia and flagella

Microtubules

Cell cytokinesis occurs through use of what filaments

Microfilaments

Filaments involved in cell division

Microtubules

GFAP positive tumors

Glioblastoma, Astrocytoma

Microtubule composition

Cylindrical arrangement of alpha and beta-tubulin

Molecular motor proteins associated with microtubules

Dynein and Kinesin

Molecular motor protein with retrograde movement

Dynein

End of microtubule that points toward nucleus

Negative end

Molecular motor protein associated with anterograde movement

Kinesin

End of microtubule that points toward periphery

Positive end

Direction of microtubule polymerization

Negative to positive end

Anthelminthic that inhibits microtubule assembly

Mebendazole

Antifungal that inhibits microtubule assembly

Griseofulvin

Antigout that inhibits microtubule assembly

Colchicine

Anticancer that inhibits microtubule assembly

Vincristine, Vinblastine, Paclitaxel

Cause of situs inversus

Dynein arm defect

Immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect

Kartagener syndrome

Structure of cilia

9 doublet + 2 singlet arrangement of microtubules

Location of basal body of cilia

Below cell membrane

Structure of cilia basal body

9 microtubule triples with no central microtubules

ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets

Axonemal dynein

ATP side of Na-K-ATPase is located on what side of the cell membrane

Cytosolic side

Phosphorylation of Na-K-ATPase causes movement of what ions

3 Na+ out of the cell

Mechanism of ouabain on Na-K-ATPase

Binds K site

Mechanism of digoxin/digitoxin

Directly binds Na-K-ATPase indirectly inhibiting Na/Ca exchanger increasing intracellular calcium leading to increased cardiac contractility

Dephosphorylation of Na-K-ATPase causes movement of what ions

2 K+ into cell

Most abundant protein in the human body

Collagen

Most common type of collagen in the human body

Type I collagen

Tissues that contain type I collagen

Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair

Type of cartilage found in skin, blood, uterus, fetal tissue, and granulation tissue

Type III

Collagen deficient in osteogenesis imperfecta

Type I

Collagen deficient in Vascular type Ehlers-Danlos

Type III

Type of collagen found in basement membrane, basal lamina and lens

Type IV

Type IV collagen is defective in what diseases

Alport syndrome and Goodpasture syndrome

Tissue that organizes and strengthens extracellular matrix

Collagen

Which step of collagen synthesis requires vitamin C

Hydroxylation

Inheritance pattern of most common form of osteogenesis imperfecta

Autosomal dominant

Most common gene defects in osteogenesis imperfecta

COL1A1 and COL1A2

Treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta

Bisphosphonates

Hydroxylation of specific proline and lysine residues in collagen synthesis occurs in what part of the cell

RER

Disease resulting in failure to form triple helix into procollagen

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Location of cleavage of procollagen C- and N- terminals in collagen synthesis

Extracellular space

Collagen synthesis defect leading to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Cleavage or formation of cross-linking into collagen fibers

Enzyme responsible for stabilization of cross-linking of collagen fibers

Lysyl oxidase

Formation of triple helix into procollagen occurs in what cell structure

RER

Presents with multiple fractures, blue sclerae, dental imperfections and hearing loss

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Disease that presents with faulty collagen synthesis causing hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed and hypermobile joints

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Most common type of Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Hypermobility type

Cause of classical type of Ehler-Danlos

Mutation in type V collagen (COL5A1, COL5A2)

Disease associated with joint dislocations, berry and aortic aneurysms, and organ rupture

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

X-linked recessive connective tissue disease caused by impaired copper absorption and transport due to defective ATP7A protein

Menkes disease

Necessary cofactor of lysyl oxidase

Copper

Disease caused by defective copper-containing lysyl oxidase

Menkes disease and/or Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Disease that presents with kinky hair, growth retardation and hypotonia

Menkes disease

Stretchy protein within skin, lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments, vocal cords, and ligamenta flava

Elastin

Elastin is rich in what amino acids

Non-hydroxylated proline, glycine, and lysine residues

What gives elastin its elastic properties

Cross-linking of collagen fibers

Enzyme that breaks down elastin

Elastase

Disease that results in excessive elastase activity

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

Wrinkles of aging are due to what

Decreased collagen and elastin production

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency complication

Emphysema

What inhibits elastase

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin

Autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder affecting skeleton, heart and eyes

Marfan syndrome

Cause of defective fibrillin

FBN1 gene mutation on chromosome 15

Glycoprotein that forms sheath around elastin

Fibrillin

Tall individual with hypermobile joints and long tapering fingers and toes should be evaluated for what?

Cardiovascular abnormalities like aortic incompetence, dissecting aortic aneurysm and floppy mitral valve

Eye findings in Marfan syndrome

Subluxation of lenses, typically upward and temporally