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Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 > Cellular > Flashcards

Cellular Flashcards

1
Q

Shortest phase of the cell cycle

A

M phase

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2
Q

What do mutations in tumor suppressors result in

A

Unrestrained cell division

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3
Q

What tumor suppressor inhibits progression of G1 to S phase

A

Rb and p53

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4
Q

Phosphorylate other proteins to coordinate cell cycle progression

A

Cyclin-CDK complexes

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5
Q

Regulator proteins that control cell cycle events by activating CDKs

A

Cyclins

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6
Q

Cell types that enter G1 from Go when stimulated

A

Quiescent cells

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7
Q

Neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and RBCs are what cell types

A

Permanent cells

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8
Q

Cell types that rapidly divide, never to Go, and most affected by chemotherapy

A

Labile cells

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9
Q

Classic example of quiescent cell types

A

Hepatocytes

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10
Q

Cells that remain in Go and generate from stem cells

A

Permanent cells

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11
Q

Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, and germ cells are what cell types

A

Labile cells

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12
Q

Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

A

Smooth ER (SER)

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13
Q

Organs that have cells rich in SER

A

Hepatocytes and steroid-hormone producing cells of adrenal cortex and gonads

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14
Q

Site of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins

A

Rough ER (RER)

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15
Q

Adds mannose-6-phosphate to proteins for trafficking to lysosomes

A

trans-Golgi

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16
Q

Synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion

A

Nissl bodies (RER in neurons)

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17
Q

Site of synthesis of cytosolic and organellar proteins

A

Free ribosomes

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18
Q

Site of synthesis of secretory proteins

A

Rough ER (RER)

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19
Q

Cells rich in RER

A

Mucus-secreting goblet cells of small intestine and antibody-secreting plasma cells

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20
Q

Send material to lysosomes for destruction or back to the membrane/Golgi for further use

A

Endosomes

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21
Q

Distribution center for proteins and lipids from the ER

A

Golgi apparatus

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22
Q

Sorting center for material from outside the cell or from the Golgi

A

Endosomes

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23
Q

Disorder that results in coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted movement and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes

A

I-cell disease

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24
Q

Cause of I-cell disease

A

Defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase

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25
Q

Failure of Golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues on glycoproteins causing proteins to be secreted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes

A

I-cell disease

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26
Q

Genetic inheritance of I-cell disease

A

Autosomal recessive

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27
Q

Cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that traffics proteins from the ribosome to the RER

A

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

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28
Q

Consequence of absent or dysfunctional SRP

A

Proteins accumulate in the cytosol

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29
Q

Protein responsible for retrograde Golgi to Golgi transport

A

COPI

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30
Q

Protein responsible for trans-Golgi to lysosome transport

A

Clathrin

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31
Q

Protein responsible for cis-Golgi to ER transport

A

COPI

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32
Q

Protein responsible for anterograde ER to cis-Golgi transport

A

COPII

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33
Q

Protein involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis like LDL receptor activity

A

Clathrin

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34
Q

Responsible for modifying N- and O-oligosaccharides

A

Golgi

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35
Q

What amino acid is added to N-oligosaccharides by the Golgi

A

Asparagine

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36
Q

What amino acid is added to O-oligosaccharides by the Golgi

A

Serine and threonine

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37
Q

Barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins

A

Proteosome

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38
Q

Deficits in proteosome-ubiquitin complex are associated with what disease

A

Parkinson disease

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39
Q

Beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids occurs in this organelle

A

Peroxisome

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40
Q

Actin and microvilli are composed of what type of filaments

A

Microfilaments

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41
Q

Mitotic spindle is composed of what type of filaments

A

Microtubules

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42
Q

Filaments that maintain cell structure

A

Intermediate filaments

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43
Q

Filaments responsible for cell movement

A

Microtubules

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44
Q

Filaments responsible for muscle contraction

A

Microfilaments

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45
Q

Filaments that make up cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

46
Q

Cell cytokinesis occurs through use of what filaments

A

Microfilaments

47
Q

Filaments involved in cell division

A

Microtubules

48
Q

GFAP positive tumors

A

Glioblastoma, Astrocytoma

49
Q

Microtubule composition

A

Cylindrical arrangement of alpha and beta-tubulin

50
Q

Molecular motor proteins associated with microtubules

A

Dynein and Kinesin

51
Q

Molecular motor protein with retrograde movement

A

Dynein

52
Q

End of microtubule that points toward nucleus

A

Negative end

53
Q

Molecular motor protein associated with anterograde movement

A

Kinesin

54
Q

End of microtubule that points toward periphery

A

Positive end

55
Q

Direction of microtubule polymerization

A

Negative to positive end

56
Q

Anthelminthic that inhibits microtubule assembly

A

Mebendazole

57
Q

Antifungal that inhibits microtubule assembly

A

Griseofulvin

58
Q

Antigout that inhibits microtubule assembly

A

Colchicine

59
Q

Anticancer that inhibits microtubule assembly

A

Vincristine, Vinblastine, Paclitaxel

60
Q

Cause of situs inversus

A

Dynein arm defect

61
Q

Immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect

A

Kartagener syndrome

62
Q

Structure of cilia

A

9 doublet + 2 singlet arrangement of microtubules

63
Q

Location of basal body of cilia

A

Below cell membrane

64
Q

Structure of cilia basal body

A

9 microtubule triples with no central microtubules

65
Q

ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets

A

Axonemal dynein

66
Q

ATP side of Na-K-ATPase is located on what side of the cell membrane

A

Cytosolic side

67
Q

Phosphorylation of Na-K-ATPase causes movement of what ions

A

3 Na+ out of the cell

68
Q

Mechanism of ouabain on Na-K-ATPase

A

Binds K site

69
Q

Mechanism of digoxin/digitoxin

A

Directly binds Na-K-ATPase indirectly inhibiting Na/Ca exchanger increasing intracellular calcium leading to increased cardiac contractility

70
Q

Dephosphorylation of Na-K-ATPase causes movement of what ions

A

2 K+ into cell

71
Q

Most abundant protein in the human body

A

Collagen

72
Q

Most common type of collagen in the human body

A

Type I collagen

73
Q

Tissues that contain type I collagen

A

Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair

74
Q

Type of cartilage found in skin, blood, uterus, fetal tissue, and granulation tissue

A

Type III

75
Q

Collagen deficient in osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Type I

76
Q

Collagen deficient in Vascular type Ehlers-Danlos

A

Type III

77
Q

Type of collagen found in basement membrane, basal lamina and lens

A

Type IV

78
Q

Type IV collagen is defective in what diseases

A

Alport syndrome and Goodpasture syndrome

79
Q

Tissue that organizes and strengthens extracellular matrix

A

Collagen

80
Q

Which step of collagen synthesis requires vitamin C

A

Hydroxylation

81
Q

Inheritance pattern of most common form of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Autosomal dominant

82
Q

Most common gene defects in osteogenesis imperfecta

A

COL1A1 and COL1A2

83
Q

Treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Bisphosphonates

84
Q

Hydroxylation of specific proline and lysine residues in collagen synthesis occurs in what part of the cell

A

RER

85
Q

Disease resulting in failure to form triple helix into procollagen

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

86
Q

Location of cleavage of procollagen C- and N- terminals in collagen synthesis

A

Extracellular space

87
Q

Collagen synthesis defect leading to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

Cleavage or formation of cross-linking into collagen fibers

88
Q

Enzyme responsible for stabilization of cross-linking of collagen fibers

A

Lysyl oxidase

89
Q

Formation of triple helix into procollagen occurs in what cell structure

A

RER

90
Q

Presents with multiple fractures, blue sclerae, dental imperfections and hearing loss

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

91
Q

Disease that presents with faulty collagen synthesis causing hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed and hypermobile joints

A

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

92
Q

Most common type of Ehler-Danlos syndrome

A

Hypermobility type

93
Q

Cause of classical type of Ehler-Danlos

A

Mutation in type V collagen (COL5A1, COL5A2)

94
Q

Disease associated with joint dislocations, berry and aortic aneurysms, and organ rupture

A

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

95
Q

X-linked recessive connective tissue disease caused by impaired copper absorption and transport due to defective ATP7A protein

A

Menkes disease

96
Q

Necessary cofactor of lysyl oxidase

A

Copper

97
Q

Disease caused by defective copper-containing lysyl oxidase

A

Menkes disease and/or Ehler-Danlos syndrome

98
Q

Disease that presents with kinky hair, growth retardation and hypotonia

A

Menkes disease

99
Q

Stretchy protein within skin, lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments, vocal cords, and ligamenta flava

A

Elastin

100
Q

Elastin is rich in what amino acids

A

Non-hydroxylated proline, glycine, and lysine residues

101
Q

What gives elastin its elastic properties

A

Cross-linking of collagen fibers

102
Q

Enzyme that breaks down elastin

A

Elastase

103
Q

Disease that results in excessive elastase activity

A

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

104
Q

Wrinkles of aging are due to what

A

Decreased collagen and elastin production

105
Q

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency complication

A

Emphysema

106
Q

What inhibits elastase

A

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin

107
Q

Autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder affecting skeleton, heart and eyes

A

Marfan syndrome

108
Q

Cause of defective fibrillin

A

FBN1 gene mutation on chromosome 15

109
Q

Glycoprotein that forms sheath around elastin

A

Fibrillin

110
Q

Tall individual with hypermobile joints and long tapering fingers and toes should be evaluated for what?

A

Cardiovascular abnormalities like aortic incompetence, dissecting aortic aneurysm and floppy mitral valve

111
Q

Eye findings in Marfan syndrome

A

Subluxation of lenses, typically upward and temporally

Biochemistry-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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