Nutrition Flashcards
What are some of the risk factors for low birthweight?
1) underweight mother
2) low pregnancy weight gain in mothers that are under weight of a healthy weight
3) iron deficiency anemia early in the pregnancy
4) certain maternal infections
5) smoking
6) alcohol use
7) poorly controlled maternal disease
What are the risks of pregnant mothers gaining too much weight or too little?
Too much–> higher risk of birth injury or delivery by C-section and mother is likely to retain more weight after pregnancy
Too little–> low birth weight of child and associated complications
T/F Fluid requirements increase for both pregnancy and lactation.
False. Fluid requirements do not increase much for pregnancy, but are substantially increased during lactation
What 3 vitamins and minerals are commonly recommended for pregnant women?
Iron, calcium, and Folic Acid
What 3 fish should you never eat during pregnancy?
Shark, king mackerel and tilefish
What types of fish should be limited during pregnancy?
tuna, polluck, catfish, shrimp and salmon
Why is listeriosis dangerous to pregnant women and how should they avoid it?
the bacteria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus causing death or premature birth;
reheat deli meats, avoid soft cheeses, make sure everything is cooked thoroughly
What is the recommended treatment for gestational diabetes?
diet, exercise and controlled weight gain. do NOT restrict calories
What primarily determines an infant’s birth weight and length?
Length of gestation, mother’s pre-pregnancy weight, and mother’s weight gain during pregnancy
What 3 things should be supplemented in an infants diet after 6 months?
Protein, Iron and fluoride
What should be supplemented in children who are breast fed?
Vitamin D
What is the extrusion reflex?
In the first few months of life, an infant’s tongue will reject all textures except liquids
What foods will an infant start eating around 4-6 months
soft, mashed foods
What are some foods to avoid in the first year of infancy?
honey and corn syrup (clostridium botulinum)
Foods that are a choking hazard like nuts, popcorn, hot dogs, grapes, etc
What kinds of milk should you avoid giving infants?
Goat’s milk and low-fat or non-fat cow’s milk
What changes in a child’s growth would be cause of concern?
Falling off the growth curve, dropping to a lower growth percentile, or jumping to a higher percentile
What are 4 vitamins and minerals that young children tend to be deficient in?
Iron, calcium, vitamin D and zinc
What are some of the risk factors for children to become vitamin deficient?
families of low SES anorexia and poor eating habits chronic diseases enrolled in weight management vegetarian diets without adequate dairy products
What are the BMI percentile definitions for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents?
Childhood overweight: between 85th-95 percentile
Childhood obesity: greater than or equal to 95th percentile
What are the risk factors for developing an eating disorder?
activities that promote thinness (ballet, wrestling)
low self-esteem
difficulty resolving conflict or negative emotions
being a perfectionist
What is atrophic gastritis?
atrophy of the parietal cells that significantly reduces the production of HCl, intrinsic factor and pepsin. This leads to a less acidic environment that allows increased survivability of bacteria. This reduces the absorption of folate and B12
What are the dietary risk factors for osteoporosis?
low body weight
lifelong low calcium and or vitamin D intake
excessive alcohol intake
high caffeine use
What is the nutrition recommendations for osteoporosis?
adequate calcium and vitamin D
adequate protein
limit sodium, caffeine and alcohol
What are common food/nutrient-drug interactions for older adults?
1) Dietary potassium with diuretics or ACE inhibitors
2) Vitamin K with anticoagulants
3) milk intake with tetracycline and doxycycline
