Nutrition

Question 1

for hypertension, what lifestyle modifications are relevant?

Answer 1

if overweight (BMI > 25), lose weight
reduce slat intake (recommended intake

Question 2

what GI disease is a high salt intake associated with?

Answer 2

increased risk of gastric cancer

Question 3

What is the best way to measure obesity?

Answer 3

using weist circumference

Question 4

What lifestyle mods can decrease the risk of colorectal cancer?

Answer 4

increase intake of dietary FIBRE. increased exercise

Question 5

what is associated with an increased risk of colorectal caner?

Answer 5

high intake of saturated fats. alcohol. high body fat.

Question 6

what foods contain saturated fats?

Answer 6

red meat and processed meat.

Question 7

What are some GI symptoms of malabsorption?

Answer 7

diarrhoea, steatorroeah (stools float and stink)
easy bruising (due to lack of vit C + K)
angular stomatitis, glossits (due to lack of iron + B vits)
koilonychia (spooning of nails) - due to iron deficiency

Question 8

What supplement would you give for encephalopathy?

Answer 8

thiamine (Vit B1), especially if due to alcohol.

Question 9

What is associated with increased risk of developing chronic IBD?

Answer 9

high ratio of n-6 (omega 6) to n-3 (omega 3) polyunsaturated fats. this also increases risk of colorectal cancer.

Question 10

What is a source of omega 3 polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 10

oily fish (salmon)

Question 11

what is a source of omega 6 polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 11

seed oils (sunflower, soya)

Question 12

what plays a protective role in development IBD?

Answer 12

high intake of fruit + fibre

Question 13

What screening tool is used to assess malnutrition? what does it involve?

Answer 13

MUST assessment. involves BMI and %weight loss

Question 14

how do you calculate BMI and what are the limits.

Answer 14

[weight, Kg/ height, M}/ height (WHH)
normal: 18.5 - 25
overweight: >25, obese >30
underweight

Question 15

What does ulna length estimate? mid upper arm circumference? handgrip strength?

Answer 15

ulna length - estimates height
mid upper arm circumference - BMI
handgrip strength - upper extremity muscle strength

Question 16

What disease can enteral nutrition induce remission?

Answer 16

Chron’s (orally or NG tube)

Question 17

What is a source of soluble fibres? and what are 2 examples?

Answer 17

beans, lentils.

B-glucan, pectin

Question 18

what is a source of insoluble fibres? what are 2 examples?

Answer 18

wholegrains. plant material

lignin, cellulose

Question 19

how does fibre play a protective role?

Answer 19

Bulk: reduces transit time and therefore, also absorption of carcinogens.
fermentation: produces short chain fatty acids which promotes growth of healthy cells and bacteria in bowel wall

Question 20

which foods have the greatest percentage reduction of developing colorectal cancer?

Answer 20

legume fibre (38%)
wholegrains (17%)

Question 21

in the kernel of grains, where is the majority of fibre found?

Answer 21

the bran(outermost layer).

Question 22

what are the health benefits of wholegrains due to?

Answer 22

same as fibre (Bulk + fermentation)

also, provide antioxidants and phytochemicals which protects against DNA damage

Question 23

what is the recommended daily intake of wholegrains?

Answer 23

48g/day

Question 24

what is the recommended intake of red and processed meats?

Answer 24

70g/day

Question 25

in prevention of CHD, what is the main target of reduction? what meds do this and how?

Answer 25

to reduce LDL cholesterol.

statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Question 26

what is the action of fibrates?

Answer 26

lowers triglycerides and may increase HDL

Question 27

What is the best lifestyle advice to prevent CVD? second best?

Answer 27

reduce total fat intake. 2nd, replace saturated fats with poly/mono-unsaturated fats.

Question 28

what is a source of mono-unsaturated fats?

Answer 28

olives, avocados, peanuts

Question 29

What do transunsaturated fats do and what is a source?

Answer 29

raise LDL and lower HDL (not good). found in margarine, fried/fast food

Question 30

What is the recommended physical activity per week?

Answer 30

150mins moderate intensive activity/week
OR, 75mins vigorous activity per week
+ 2 days of muscle strength acctivity