Anatomy Flashcards
Anterior intercostal arteries are supplied by?
internal thoracic artery (first 6) musculophrenic artery (last 3)
the internal thoracic artery is a branch of?
subclavian artery.
Where does the subcostal artery run along? where does it arise?
inferior border of 12th rib. arises from thoracic aorta
Posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Thoracic aorta.
Anterior intercostal veins arise from?
Internal thoracic vein.
Posterior intercostal veins drain into?
(right) Azygous vein
(left) Hemiazygous + accessory hemiazygous vein
Where does the internal thoracic vein drain into?
and the azygous vein?
brachiocephalic vein.
azygous: superior vena cava
Which other 2 veins drain into the azygous vein?
Bronchial veins. pericardial veins.
What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm called? at what level are they at? what passes through them?
venal cava foramen - T8 - I.V.C. + right phrenic nerve
oesophageal hiatus - T10 - oesophagus + vagus nerve
Aortic hiatus - T12 - abdominal aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct
What are the 4 major muscles of breathing? which are involved in inspiration, expiration?
the diaphragm (contract during inspiration to descend, relax for expiration - both quiet and forced) external intercostal muscles (contract during inspiration, relax for expiration - both quiet and forced) internal intercostal muscles (used for forced expiration) innermost intercostal muscles (used for forced expiration)
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm? which artery?
phrenic nerve. phrenic artery.
what is the origin of the phrenic nerve? what else other than the diaphragm does the phrenic nerve supply?
C 3,4,5 anterior rami
fibrous pericardium, mediastinal parietal pleura
what is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces and structures?
intercostal nerve (number depending on which I.C.S it is). also called T(4) anterior ramus (for 4th ICS)
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess? what descends into it?
area between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal parietal pleura. the lung bases descend into in during full inspiration?
What is the costophrenic angle? what collects there?
the most inferior lateral region of the costodiaphragmatic recess. fluid from the pleural cavity collects here eg. pleural effusion.
what is the anatomical landmark of the horizontal fissure?
travels along Right rib 4
what is the anatomical landmark of the oblique fissure anteriorly and posteriorly?
anterior: runs along rib 6 (right or left)
posterior: T3
Where would you auscultate the apex of the lung?
superior to medial third of clavicle.
Where do you auscultate the right middle lobe?
between ribs 4 and 6 (midclavicular + midaxillary line)
Where does one auscultate the lung bases (posteriorly)?
T11, scapular line
What is the cervical verterbrae (C1) called? C2?
How many vertebrae in total?
C1 = atlas C2 = axis 33 total (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coxic (fused)
What do the pulmonary veins and artery carry?
pulmonary veins = oxygenated blood
pulmonary arteries = deoxygenated
What are the accessory muscles of breathing?
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
scalenus antrior, medial, posterior
What are the accessory muscles of breathing used for?
used during forced inspiration
Which muscles aid in forced expiration? name em.
the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles.
external oblique, internal oblique
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus
which nerve supplies structures of the abdominal wall?
the thoracoabdominal nerves. (continuation of intercostal nerves 7 - 11)
What is the blood supply to the pancreas?
main supply = pancreatic branches of splenic artery
also receives from: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the coeliac trunk)
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the superior mesenteric artery)
what is the blood supply to the stomach?
lessure curvature: left and right gastric artery
greater curvature: left and right gastroepiploic artery
What is the blood supply to the duodenum?
1st half: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2nd half: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut structures?
pelvic splanchnic nerves (sacral spinal nerves 2,3,4).
distal third of transverse colon to rectum. the majority of the GI tract innervated by the Vagus nerve.
What is the function of the spleen? what protection does it have?
breaks down RBC to produce billiruben. protected by left ribs 9 -11
How is billirubin transported and where to?
carried by albumin to the liver, where it undergoes conjugation and thus made water soluble so it can be excreted in water.
What is a function of the liver (in relation to bilirubin) and what protection does it have?
conjugation of bilirubin. also converts bilirubin into bile.
protected by right ribs 7-11
What is the function of the gallbladder?
storage and concentration of bile. (bile important for the normal absorption of fats from the small intestine)
What are the structures of the upper GI tract?
oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, oesophagus, duodenum.
why is the level C6 important?
level where the larynx becomes the trachea. the pharynx the oesophagus (inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle - anatomical sphincter of OE)
What are the 3 oesophageal constrictions and what are they formed by?
1) cervical constriction: due to cricopharyngeus muscle
2) thoracic constrictions: arch of the aorta + left main bronchus
3) diaphragmatic constriction: lower oesophageal sphincter (physiological)
What is the nerve supply to the oesophagus, where does it originate?
oesophageal plexus. from vagus nerve.
Which part of the colon has the greatest risk of strangulation?
sigmoid colon: sigmoid volvulus (obstruction)
What anatomical landmark separates the upper GI tract (foregut) from the lower GI tract (mid/hindgut)?
the suspensory muscle of the duodenum.
What are the structures of the midgut? what is its blood supply?
mid-duodenum (3rd,4th parts) to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon, half of pancreas. supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.
What are the structures of the hindgut? what is its blood supply?
distal third of transverse colon to proximal half of anal canal. supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.
What are the structures of the foregut? what is its blood supply?
oesophagus to midduodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen + half of pancreas. supplied by branches of the coeliac trunk.
At what level is the sternal angle and what do they indicate?
level of rib 2, T4. Arch of the aorta and bifurcation of the trachea (carina)
Stimulation of what tiggers the sneeze response?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9) and Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
stimulation of what tirggers the cough response?
Vagus nerve (CN 10) and Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
What provides sensory innervation to the nasal mucosa and motor innervation to the soft palate?
the Trigeminal nerve (CN 5). also supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
What are the muscles of mastication?
3 opening: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
1 closing: later pterygoid
Which nerves innervate the muscles of the pharynx?
the Vagus nerve + Glossopharyngeal nerve
which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
the Vagus nerve
which vein drains blood from the foregut, midgut and hindgut structures to the liver or first pass metabolism?
the hepatic portal vein
which vein does the foregut structures drain into?
the splenic vein—> into the hepatic portal vein
which vein does the midgut structures drain into?
the superior mesenteric vein—-> into the hepatic portal vein
which vein does the hindgut structures drain into?
the inferior mesenteric vein—> into the splenic vein—> hepatic portal vein
Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein drain into?
into the liver—> (first-pass metabolism)—> Hepatic vein–> Inferior vena cava—> Right atrium
What is the lymphatic drainage of the foregut, midgut and hindgut structures?
foregut: drain lymph into coeliac nodes
midgut: drain lymph into the superior mesenteric nodes
hindgut: drain lymph into the inferior mesenteric nodes
What are the 3 pairs of anterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta (superior to inferior)?
(L/R) Adrenal artery/suprarenal
(L/R) Renal artery
(L/R) Gonadal artery
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk? at what level is the coeliac trunk?
common hepatic artery, left gastric artery and splenic artery. Level T12
at what level is the superior mesenteric artery? inferior mesenteric artery?
SMA= L1 IMA= L3
At which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate? and into what?
L4. bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries.
What artery does the external iliac artery become and when?
Femoral artery. when it passes posterior to the inguinal ligament.
Which artery supplies the anterior abdominal wall?
superior epigastric artery.
where does the superior epigastric artery meet with the inferior epigastric artery?
umbilicus. inferior epigastric artery arises from external iliac artery.
what are the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?
bronchial arteries. oesophageal arteries. mediastinal arteries. pericardial arteries. phrenic arteries (for diaphragm)
