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Anatomy (make or break marks) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries are supplied by?

A 
internal thoracic artery (first 6)
musculophrenic artery (last 3)
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2
Q

the internal thoracic artery is a branch of?

A

subclavian artery.

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3
Q

Where does the subcostal artery run along? where does it arise?

A

inferior border of 12th rib. arises from thoracic aorta

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4
Q

Posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

Thoracic aorta.

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5
Q

Anterior intercostal veins arise from?

A

Internal thoracic vein.

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6
Q

Posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

(right) Azygous vein

(left) Hemiazygous + accessory hemiazygous vein

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7
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein drain into?

and the azygous vein?

A

brachiocephalic vein.

azygous: superior vena cava

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8
Q

Which other 2 veins drain into the azygous vein?

A

Bronchial veins. pericardial veins.

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9
Q

What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm called? at what level are they at? what passes through them?

A

venal cava foramen - T8 - I.V.C. + right phrenic nerve
oesophageal hiatus - T10 - oesophagus + vagus nerve
Aortic hiatus - T12 - abdominal aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct

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10
Q

What are the 4 major muscles of breathing? which are involved in inspiration, expiration?

A 
the diaphragm (contract during inspiration to descend, relax for expiration - both quiet and forced)
external intercostal muscles (contract during inspiration, relax for expiration - both quiet and forced)
internal intercostal muscles (used for forced expiration)
innermost intercostal muscles (used for forced expiration)
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11
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm? which artery?

A

phrenic nerve. phrenic artery.

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12
Q

what is the origin of the phrenic nerve? what else other than the diaphragm does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

C 3,4,5 anterior rami

fibrous pericardium, mediastinal parietal pleura

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13
Q

what is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces and structures?

A 
intercostal nerve (number depending on which I.C.S it is).
also called T(4) anterior ramus (for 4th ICS)
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14
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess? what descends into it?

A

area between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal parietal pleura. the lung bases descend into in during full inspiration?

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15
Q

What is the costophrenic angle? what collects there?

A

the most inferior lateral region of the costodiaphragmatic recess. fluid from the pleural cavity collects here eg. pleural effusion.

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16
Q

what is the anatomical landmark of the horizontal fissure?

A

travels along Right rib 4

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17
Q

what is the anatomical landmark of the oblique fissure anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

anterior: runs along rib 6 (right or left)
posterior: T3

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18
Q

Where would you auscultate the apex of the lung?

A

superior to medial third of clavicle.

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19
Q

Where do you auscultate the right middle lobe?

A

between ribs 4 and 6 (midclavicular + midaxillary line)

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20
Q

Where does one auscultate the lung bases (posteriorly)?

A

T11, scapular line

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21
Q

What is the cervical verterbrae (C1) called? C2?

How many vertebrae in total?

A 
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
33 total (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coxic (fused)
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22
Q

What do the pulmonary veins and artery carry?

A

pulmonary veins = oxygenated blood

pulmonary arteries = deoxygenated

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23
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
scalenus antrior, medial, posterior

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24
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing used for?

A

used during forced inspiration

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25
Q

Which muscles aid in forced expiration? name em.

A

the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles.
external oblique, internal oblique
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus

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26
Q

which nerve supplies structures of the abdominal wall?

A

the thoracoabdominal nerves. (continuation of intercostal nerves 7 - 11)

27
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

main supply = pancreatic branches of splenic artery
also receives from: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the coeliac trunk)
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the superior mesenteric artery)

28
Q

what is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

lessure curvature: left and right gastric artery

greater curvature: left and right gastroepiploic artery

29
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

1st half: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

2nd half: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

30
Q

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut structures?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves (sacral spinal nerves 2,3,4).

distal third of transverse colon to rectum. the majority of the GI tract innervated by the Vagus nerve.

31
Q

What is the function of the spleen? what protection does it have?

A

breaks down RBC to produce billiruben. protected by left ribs 9 -11

32
Q

How is billirubin transported and where to?

A

carried by albumin to the liver, where it undergoes conjugation and thus made water soluble so it can be excreted in water.

33
Q

What is a function of the liver (in relation to bilirubin) and what protection does it have?

A

conjugation of bilirubin. also converts bilirubin into bile.
protected by right ribs 7-11

34
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

storage and concentration of bile. (bile important for the normal absorption of fats from the small intestine)

35
Q

What are the structures of the upper GI tract?

A

oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, oesophagus, duodenum.

36
Q

why is the level C6 important?

A

level where the larynx becomes the trachea. the pharynx the oesophagus (inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle - anatomical sphincter of OE)

37
Q

What are the 3 oesophageal constrictions and what are they formed by?

A

1) cervical constriction: due to cricopharyngeus muscle
2) thoracic constrictions: arch of the aorta + left main bronchus
3) diaphragmatic constriction: lower oesophageal sphincter (physiological)

38
Q

What is the nerve supply to the oesophagus, where does it originate?

A

oesophageal plexus. from vagus nerve.

39
Q

Which part of the colon has the greatest risk of strangulation?

A

sigmoid colon: sigmoid volvulus (obstruction)

40
Q

What anatomical landmark separates the upper GI tract (foregut) from the lower GI tract (mid/hindgut)?

A

the suspensory muscle of the duodenum.

41
Q

What are the structures of the midgut? what is its blood supply?

A

mid-duodenum (3rd,4th parts) to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon, half of pancreas. supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

42
Q

What are the structures of the hindgut? what is its blood supply?

A

distal third of transverse colon to proximal half of anal canal. supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.

43
Q

What are the structures of the foregut? what is its blood supply?

A

oesophagus to midduodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen + half of pancreas. supplied by branches of the coeliac trunk.

44
Q

At what level is the sternal angle and what do they indicate?

A

level of rib 2, T4. Arch of the aorta and bifurcation of the trachea (carina)

45
Q

Stimulation of what tiggers the sneeze response?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9) and Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

46
Q

stimulation of what tirggers the cough response?

A

Vagus nerve (CN 10) and Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)

47
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the nasal mucosa and motor innervation to the soft palate?

A

the Trigeminal nerve (CN 5). also supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.

48
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

3 opening: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

1 closing: later pterygoid

49
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles of the pharynx?

A

the Vagus nerve + Glossopharyngeal nerve

50
Q

which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

the Vagus nerve

51
Q

which vein drains blood from the foregut, midgut and hindgut structures to the liver or first pass metabolism?

A

the hepatic portal vein

52
Q

which vein does the foregut structures drain into?

A

the splenic vein—> into the hepatic portal vein

53
Q

which vein does the midgut structures drain into?

A

the superior mesenteric vein—-> into the hepatic portal vein

54
Q

which vein does the hindgut structures drain into?

A

the inferior mesenteric vein—> into the splenic vein—> hepatic portal vein

55
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein drain into?

A

into the liver—> (first-pass metabolism)—> Hepatic vein–> Inferior vena cava—> Right atrium

56
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the foregut, midgut and hindgut structures?

A

foregut: drain lymph into coeliac nodes
midgut: drain lymph into the superior mesenteric nodes
hindgut: drain lymph into the inferior mesenteric nodes

57
Q

What are the 3 pairs of anterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta (superior to inferior)?

A

(L/R) Adrenal artery/suprarenal
(L/R) Renal artery
(L/R) Gonadal artery

58
Q

What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk? at what level is the coeliac trunk?

A

common hepatic artery, left gastric artery and splenic artery. Level T12

59
Q

at what level is the superior mesenteric artery? inferior mesenteric artery?

A 
SMA= L1
IMA= L3
60
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate? and into what?

A

L4. bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries.

61
Q

What artery does the external iliac artery become and when?

A

Femoral artery. when it passes posterior to the inguinal ligament.

62
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior abdominal wall?

A

superior epigastric artery.

63
Q

where does the superior epigastric artery meet with the inferior epigastric artery?

A

umbilicus. inferior epigastric artery arises from external iliac artery.

64
Q

what are the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

bronchial arteries. oesophageal arteries. mediastinal arteries. pericardial arteries. phrenic arteries (for diaphragm)

Anatomy (make or break marks) (9 decks)

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