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MIMS > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a conditionally essential nutrient?

A

Not ordinarily required but have to be given to certain populations that don’t make enough e.g. premature babies

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2
Q

What is a non-essential diet component?

A

Not required for full growth or development but present in diet at levels causing physiological effect

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3
Q

Which are the water soluble vitamins?

A

C and several Bs (B1, B2, niacin, B12, B6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid)

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4
Q

Which are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

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5
Q

What can iron bind to?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur

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6
Q

What is ferrous and what is ferric?

A

Ferrous is 2+, Ferric is 3+

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7
Q

What keeps the free iron concentration low?

A

Transferrin and lactoferrin

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8
Q

Where are some places iron can be stored?

A

Haemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes, cytochromes, liver, macrophages, bone marrow

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9
Q

How can iron be lost?

A

Desquamation of epithelial cells of skin, GI tract, bile duct, urinary tract

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10
Q

What is the sole means by which iron homeostasis is regulated?

A

Digestive tract

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11
Q

What does ferritin bind iron as?

A

Fe3+

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12
Q

How does increased iron increase infection rates?

A

Makes pathogens grow faster and decreases T cell responses

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13
Q

How can iron enhance tumour growth?

A

Stimulation of cell growth rate, exacerbation of gut inflammation, increased ROS formation, increased N-nitroso compound formation

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14
Q

What is the most common oral iron supplement?

A

Ferrous (FeII) sulphate

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15
Q

What gut bacteria has high iron requirement?

A

Bacteroides, sulphur-reducing bacteria

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16
Q

What do retinoic acids do to gene transcription?

A

Act like steroid hormones, bind to receptors RAR and RXR which act like transcription factors

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17
Q

What kinds of cancers can retinoic acids be used to treat/prevent?

A

Promyelocytic leukaemia and head and neck cancers

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18
Q

What is the main factor responsible for iron deficiency?

A

Low dietary intake

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19
Q

When is iodine deficiency the most damaging?

A

Developing brain during perinatal period during foetal and early postnatal development

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20
Q

Why are young children and pregnant women most vulnerable to iodine deficiency?

A

Thyroid production rate increased

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21
Q

Why is vitamin D really a hormone?

A

Can be synthesized in the skin from UV conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol

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22
Q

What hormone produces 1,25-DHCC?

A

1-alpha hydroxylase

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23
Q

Which B vitamins can act as coenzymes?

A

Biotin, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid

24
Q

What is pyridoxine a coenzyme for?

A

Transamination reactions necessary for amino acid synthesis, cofactor for decarboxylases, synthesis of neurotransmitters with vitamin C and haem and niacin synthesis from tryptophan

25
Q

What type of reaction is B1 for?

A

Aldehyde transfer - e.g. carb metabolsim, carboxylation, coenzyme in acetyl CoA function, nerve function

26
Q

What type of reaction is B2 for?

A

Oxidation reduction - Part of coenzyme FAD, TCA, lipid and sugar metabolism, ETC

27
Q

What type of reaction is Niacin for?

A

Oxidation-reduction - coenzymes NAD and NADP, glycolysis, ETC, fat metabolism

28
Q

What type of reaction is B6 for?

A

Amino group transfer - Cofactor in AA metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase reaction, neurotransmitter synthesis, haem synthesis, niacin synthesis from tryptophan

29
Q

What kind of reaction is folate for?

A

One carbon transfer - single carbon transfer reactions, coenzyme in DNA synthesis and AA synthesis and erythropoiesis

30
Q

What type of reaction is B12 for?

A

Alkylation - coenzyme in folate metabolism and methionine synthesis

31
Q

Why can’t some animals make vit C from glucose?

A

Lack L-gulonolactone oxidase

32
Q

What can destroy vitamin C?

A

O2, metal ions, increase pH, heat and light

33
Q

How can you get oxalate kidney stones?

A

Vit C can be metabolised to oxalate and this can form kidney stones

34
Q

What does vitamin C do to cofactors?

A

Keeps them in lower valence state

35
Q

What are some enzymatic functions of vitamin C?

A

Collagen synthesis, bile acid formation, bone mineral metabolism, NA synthesis, steroidogenesis, immune function,

36
Q

What are some non-enzymatic functions of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidant, free radical scavenger, chain breaking properties mainly in aqueous phase, promotes iron absorption and may prevent formation of N-nitroso compounds

37
Q

How does ascorbate act as a free radical scavenger?

A

Accepts single electron from free radical to detox it

38
Q

What happens to the ascorbyl free radical?

A

FOrms one molecule of ascorbate and one of dehydroascorbate

39
Q

How many naturally occuring forms of vitamin C are there?

A

8

40
Q

How many tocopherols and tocotrienols are there?

A

4 of each

41
Q

What is the most active tocopherol?

A

Alpha

42
Q

What are the most common tocopherols?

A

Alpha and gamma

43
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin E?

A

Chain-breaking antioxidant preventing free radical damage in lipid rich membranes preventing polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation, maintains cell membrane integrity, involved in sperm production and egg implantation

44
Q

Other than K and Mg, what is the most common intracellular metal ion?

A

Zn

45
Q

What are enzymatic functions of zinc?

A

Carb and energy metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, nucleic acid synthesis, bone formation, antioxidant, pancreatic function, intercellular transport, spermatogenesis (testosterone metabolism)

46
Q

What are non-enzymatic functions of zinc?

A

Immune function, regulation of IGF-1 growth factor function, gene transcription

47
Q

How is Zn transported to liver?

A

Bound to albumin

48
Q

How is Zn stored?

A

Bound to metallothionein in the liver, kidney or intestine

49
Q

What inhibits Zn absorption?

A

Phytate-rich foods

50
Q

Where are lutein and zeaxanthin found?

A

Green veg and eggs - macula of eye where they absorb blue light and prevent against light-induced oxidative damage

51
Q

Where is lycopene found?

A

Tomatoes

52
Q

What is the biggest subclass of polyphenolics?

A

Flavonoids

53
Q

What are the most common flavonoids?

A

Luteolin (flavone), quercetin (flavonol), genistein, daidzein (isoflavones), catechins (flavanol)

54
Q

What is bioavailability of polyphenolics like?

A

Low

55
Q

What are some effect of polyphenolics?

A

Antioxidants, inhibit proinflammatory gene expression

56
Q

What is the French Paradox?

A

Lower incidence of CVD in countries that drink lots of red wine because of antioxidant resveratrol (stilbene) in grape skin

57
Q

When can major increases in ROS be detected?

A

Early apoptosis caused by p53 activation, ceramide release, staurosporine, TNF

MIMS (8 decks)

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