Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

A process in which energy and raw materials are used for growth and maintenance of larger molecules.

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2
Q

What are the five reasons why cells constantly require energy?

A

Bio-synthetic work, Mechanical, Electrical, Osmotic, Transport

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3
Q

What is the energy molecule called, and what is it’s reaction cycle?

A

ATP.
ATP –> ADP + Pi –> ATP etc.
First stage is when energy is used, second is in energy production (oxidation of fuel molecules)

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4
Q

Name 4 carbohydrates we take in in our diet and what their components are.

A

Starch - polymer of glucose
Sucrose - fructose and glucose
Lactose - glucose and galactose
Fructose

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5
Q

Why do we need protein in our diet?

A

To provide us with amino acids.

It can also be used for energy in times of starvation.

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6
Q

What is the better source of protein?

A

Animal, because plants tend to be deficient in certain amino acids.

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7
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

Isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine.

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8
Q

Why do fats yield less energy than carbohydrates and proteins?

A

They contain less O2.

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9
Q

What are the four fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

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10
Q

Why is fat required in the diet?

A

For absorption of fat soluble vitamins from the gut, and also for linoleic and linolenic because these two fatty acids cannot be synthesised by the body.

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11
Q

What happens if vitamin intake is not sufficient?

A

Deficiency diseases occur.

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12
Q

Why are metal ions required in the diet (in the form of minerals)?

A

They act as enzyme cofactors, for example iron and haemoglobin.

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13
Q

What are the 2 minerals required for structure of teeth and bone?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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14
Q

What are sources of dietary fibre?

A

Bread, cereals, beans, fruit and vegetables.

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15
Q

Why is an increase in fibre in the diet good?

A

It helps to promote normal GI function, and it also traps bile salts. This means that more bile to be produced and so there is a drop in cholesterol because more is being used for bile synthesis.

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16
Q

What are the three components of daily energy expenditure?

A

Basal Metabolic rate
Diet induced thermogenesis
Physical activity level.

17
Q

What does BMR include?

A

Cell maintenance including ion transport
Maintenance of body temp
Values: skeletal muscle 30% liver 20% brain 20% heart 10% other 20%

18
Q

What is the approximate energy expenditure of a person who is sedentary, moderately active, very active?

A

30, 65, 100 kJ/day

19
Q

List the four energy stores in the body and state the timescale which they are used.

A

Muscle - Short term
Carbohydrate (Glycogen) - Immediate
Adipose - long term
Muscle Protein - in cases of starvation

20
Q

What happens when energy intake is higher than energy expenditure?

A

Energy stores are built up.

21
Q

What happens when energy intake is lower than expenditure?

A

Energy stores deplete and alternative fuel sources are found.

22
Q

What does prolonged intake > expenditure of energy lead to?

A

Obesity, accumulation of fat in adipose tissue which impairs health and is a preventable cause of death.

23
Q

State three things which Obesity increases the risk of.

A

Some cancers, T2DM, Cardiovascular disease.

24
Q

In what category is someone with a BMI of 27?

A

Overweight

25
Q

In what category is someone with a BMI of 23

A

Desirable

26
Q

What is the highest BMI a person can have but still be classed underweight?

A

18.5

27
Q

What is used as an alternative to BMI in muscly individuals and why?

A

Hip/Waist ratio.

Central obesity is the problem as this is shown to be a high risk factor for many diseases.

28
Q

Define Malnutrition

A

Damage to the body due to a low energy intake.

29
Q

Deficiency in proteins can lead to oedema. Why?

A

Decrease in proteins leads to a decrease in blood protein synthesis because there are not sufficient amino acids. This means that blood osmolarity drops and water moves out into the surrounding tissues. Oedema.

30
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen, nutrients, waste materials and gases, signalling hormones, urea.

31
Q

Name two organs where interconversion of energy occurs.

A

Liver and Kidneys

32
Q

Name three organs/tissues where energy is stored

A

Muscles, Liver, Adipose

33
Q

Define Homeostasis.

A

Dynamic equilibrium for maintenance of constant internal conditions including pH, Temp etc.

34
Q

In a homeostatic control, what is the role of the control centre?

A

Sets the range for which the variable must be maintained within. It detects the stimulus from the sensing component, and then it determines the appropriate response and sends a signal for this to the effector.

35
Q

A child under 5 has signs of muscle wastage, loss of body fat and looks emaciated. There is no oedema but they have thin and dry hair. What is this child suffering from?

A

Marasmus - protein deficiency.

36
Q

What is the most common cause of Kwashikor?

A

When a child is displaced from the breast by a younger sibling.

37
Q

Why is serum albumin low in children with Kwashikor?

A

Kwashikor is caused by a protein deficient diet that has a little bit of carbohydrate. Lack of the essential amino acids means that protein cannot be synthesised. Abdomen can become distended due to hepatomegaly (enlarged liver).

38
Q

What is a catabolic process?

A

A process in which a molecule is broken down to release energy.