Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action of insulin?

A

Insulin binds to receptors on cell surface membranes and allows the passage of glucose into cells.

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2
Q

What is T1 diabetes?

A

This is autoimmune destruction of B cells of the pancreas. This means that there is no longer insulin production.

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3
Q

What is T2 diabetes?

A

This is caused by either:

Our cells being unable to utilise insulin our our insulin production not being sufficient.

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4
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A

Polyuria, Polydipsia, blurring of vision, recurring urogenital infections.

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5
Q

Diabetes leads to inadequate energy utilisation. How might this present?

A

Tiredness, lethargy, weakness and weight loss.

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6
Q

What happens when cells are unable to access glucose?

A

This means that other energy sources are found. Fat stores are broken down to produce ketone bodies. This can lead to ketoacidosis.

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7
Q

What is the typical treatment for T1 diabetes?

A

Subcutaneous insulin injections.

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8
Q

Why can obesity lead to diabetes?

A

Obesity, in particular central obesity means that it is likely that there will be fatty deposits in the liver and kidneys, affecting their function. This can lead to insulin resistance.

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9
Q

Name the micro and macro vascular consequences of diabetes.

A

Micro - nephrology, neuropathy, retinopathy. Foot ulcers etc.
Macro - Heart attack, gangrene, stroke

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10
Q

What happens in acute hypoglycaemia?

A

The patient can go into a coma because the brain requires glucose and there is no glucose in the blood.

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11
Q

What are the three lab tests which can be done to diagnose diabetes?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose and HbA1C (but not for t1)

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12
Q

Explain why insulin resistance can lead to an inability to produce insulin.

A

Insulin resistance means that the pancreas is stimulated to secrete more insulin. The B cells are working hard and eventually they wear out and can no longer produce sufficient insulin.

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13
Q

Why can exercise help to reverse the effects of T2 diabetes?

A

Exercise increases insulin sensitivity.

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14
Q

What three tissues are commonly affected by diabetes?

A

Retina of the eye, peripheral nerves and the kidney.

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15
Q

What are the actions of insulin on fat metabolism?

A

Clear up of free fatty acids, and reduction in lipolysis.

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16
Q

What is the impact of insulin on gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A

Reduces it.

17
Q

What affect does insulin have on protein synthesis?

A

It promotes it. It also reduces protein catabolism.

18
Q

What are the actions on glucose metabolism of insulin?

A

Insulin prevents liver glycogen being broken down, and stimulates its synthesis and uptake of glucose into the liver. It also stimulates uptake into both muscle and adipose tissue.

19
Q

What is the definition of diabetes?

A

Diabetes is where chronic hyperglycaemia causes damage to small and large blood vessels and can cause premature death due to Cardiovascular disease.