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ANSC Exam 2 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition

A

how body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for production purposes
-study of how animals consume, digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and excrete nutrients

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2
Q

2 reasons we study nutrition

A
  1. feed accounts for the majority of livestock production costs
    - -influences profitability
    - -feed costs are variable
    - -growing emphasis to improve feed efficiency
  2. meet nutrient needs of animals through the development of balanced diets which ensure:
    - -greatest physical capabilities
    - -maximize health and well being
    * decrease disease susceptibility
    * increase ability to recover from infectious diseases
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3
Q

2 Types of Carnivores

A

Obligate- true carnivores consume largely flesh

  • -simple digestive tract but teeth adapted for ripping and chewing
  • -** require taurine
  • -eat vegetation as an emetic

Facultative–may consume some plant materials

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4
Q

Herbivores

A

consume plant materials

1. possess a more complex digestion tract and teeth which are designed to grind

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5
Q

Omnivores

A

teeth designed for

  1. Front-chewing
  2. Back-grinding
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6
Q

Mono gastric digestive tract

A
  1. simple stomached: humans, pigs, cats, dogs
  2. Horses are but also have a hind gut fermentation system
  3. Avian: have gizzards to grind up feed
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7
Q

Ruminant Stomach Compartments

A

4 compartments

  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
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8
Q

Steps within the mouth of animals

A
  1. Prehension: bring food to mouth
  2. mastications: vertical and lateral action of jaw and teeth
  3. salivation: contains enzymes, bicarbonate to neutralize pH
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9
Q

Esophagus

A

Peristalsis: coordinated contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle

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10
Q

Stomach

A

Within simple stomached animals

  1. mixing and digestion
  2. proteolytic enzymes
  3. gastric lypase
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11
Q

Small Intestine

A

surface area
Duodenum: digestion
Jejunum and ileum: absorption
Peristalsis

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12
Q

Large intestine

A

Colon: hind gut fermentation: absorption
Rectum: formation of feces

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13
Q

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

A

Liver: major role is to produce bile
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas: secretes bicarbonate and several enzymes in an inactive form

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14
Q

What determines an animals nutrient needs? (5)

A
  1. species digestive tract
  2. species metabolism/ species size
  3. level of production
  4. specific product being produced
  5. combination of products being produced
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15
Q

Order of Priority

A
  1. Maintenance
  2. development
  3. growth
  4. lactation/work
  5. reproduction
  6. fattening
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16
Q

Maintenance

A
  1. amount of nutrients required to maintain the animal at at constant weight and temperature
  2. varies by species, state of development, body composition
  3. ruminant digestive tract- requires 40-50%
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17
Q

Development

A

develop tissues
-proliferation and differentiation
less demands as animal approaches maturity

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18
Q

Growth

A

increase size and maturity of tissues

*skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Lactation/ work

A

work: physical exertion as a production function

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20
Q

reproduction

A

conflicts with production needs: lactation

21
Q

Fattening

A

Excess energy

  • finishing animals
  • body condition score
22
Q

What is a Nutrient

A

chemical element or compound in the diet that supports reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance

23
Q

Classification of nutrients (6)

A
  1. water
  2. carbs
  3. vitamins
  4. minerals
  5. proteins
  6. fats
24
Q

Water functions (5)

A

positive correlation between the consumption of all other nutrients and the consumption of water

Functions

  1. lubrication
  2. regulates body temp
  3. solvent during digestion
  4. transport medium in body fluids
  5. biochemical reactions
25
Q

sources of water for animals

A
  1. drinking water
  2. water in feed
  3. metabolic water
26
Q

how is water eliminated

A
  1. urine
  2. fecal excretion
  3. perspiration
  4. vapor loss from lungs
  5. milk production
27
Q

Carbs

A
  1. sources of energy
    - sugars, starch, structural (cellulose)
  2. broken down into glucose or simple sugars and stored as glycogen
28
Q

What are complex fiber forages comprised of

A
  1. structural carbs
  2. cellulose
  3. hemicellulose
29
Q

simple concentrates: cereal grains comprised of

A

starch
structural
glucose

30
Q

functions of carbs

A

source of energy
source of heat
building blocks for other nutrients
converted to fat and stored

31
Q

diseases related to carbs

A
  1. ketosis-excess ketones in blood

2. diabetes-high blood glucose

32
Q

Protein

A
  1. major component of the body
  2. function in every physiological process
  3. contains C, H, O, N
33
Q

Classifications of proteins

A

True: composed entirely of amino acids
Crude: contain both true proteins and other nitrogenous products

34
Q

Classification of amino acids

A
  1. Essential

2. Non essential

35
Q

Essential amino acids

A

amino acids which cant be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be supplied in diet

36
Q

Non essential amino acids

A

amino acids which are required fro normal growth but can be produced in the body

37
Q

Amino acid functions (6)

A
  1. structural proteins
  2. immune function
  3. enzymes
  4. oxygen transport
  5. hormones
  6. neurotransmission
38
Q

Fats (lipids)

A
  1. organic compounds in plants and animals that are INSOLUBLE in water, but are soluble in either chloroform or benzene
39
Q

functions of lipids (7)

A
  1. essential fatty acids
  2. absorption of fat soluble vitamins
  3. structure of cells: phospholipids
  4. cholesterol: steroid hormones, vit D, cell membranes
  5. insulation and protection
  6. highly digestible, dense energy source
  7. palatability
40
Q

Chemical fat: triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

41
Q

2 types of Free fatty acids (non estrified fatty acids)

A

Saturated: solid at room temp
Unsaturated: liquid at room temp

42
Q

2 types of essential fatty acids

A
  1. Linoleic Acid
    - -omega
    - -found in corn, soybean, and sunflower oil
  2. Linolenic acid
    - -omega 3
    - -found in flaxseed, canola, nut and fish oils
43
Q

Vitamins

A
  1. organic compounds

2. small amounts

44
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

  1. absorbed by intestinal tract via acid of lipids
  2. excreted via bile
  3. delicate compounds (spoils: oxidizes)
45
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and vitamin C

  1. dissolved and absorbed by the intestinal tract through the acid of water
  2. excreted via urine
  3. not stored in significant quantities
46
Q

Mineral

A
  1. inorganic elements to plants and animals found in its tissues
  2. macro or tace minerals
47
Q

Macro minerals

A
  1. required at concentrations greater than 100ppm of greater than .2% of diet
  2. Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
48
Q

Trace minerals

A

required at concentrations less than 100 ppm

1. iron, selenium, copper

49
Q

Functions of minerals (7)

A
  1. strength to skeleton
  2. part of proteins
  3. activate enzyme systems
  4. control fluid balance
  5. regulate acid base balance
  6. exert effects on nerves/muscles
  7. engage in mineral-vitamin relationships
    - -Ca: vitamin D
    - -P: Vitamin D

ANSC Exam 2 (4 decks)

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