Nutrition Flashcards
What is nutrition
how body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for production purposes
-study of how animals consume, digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and excrete nutrients
2 reasons we study nutrition
- feed accounts for the majority of livestock production costs
- -influences profitability
- -feed costs are variable
- -growing emphasis to improve feed efficiency - meet nutrient needs of animals through the development of balanced diets which ensure:
- -greatest physical capabilities
- -maximize health and well being
* decrease disease susceptibility
* increase ability to recover from infectious diseases
2 Types of Carnivores
Obligate- true carnivores consume largely flesh
- -simple digestive tract but teeth adapted for ripping and chewing
- -** require taurine
- -eat vegetation as an emetic
Facultative–may consume some plant materials
Herbivores
consume plant materials
1. possess a more complex digestion tract and teeth which are designed to grind
Omnivores
teeth designed for
- Front-chewing
- Back-grinding
Mono gastric digestive tract
- simple stomached: humans, pigs, cats, dogs
- Horses are but also have a hind gut fermentation system
- Avian: have gizzards to grind up feed
Ruminant Stomach Compartments
4 compartments
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Steps within the mouth of animals
- Prehension: bring food to mouth
- mastications: vertical and lateral action of jaw and teeth
- salivation: contains enzymes, bicarbonate to neutralize pH
Esophagus
Peristalsis: coordinated contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle
Stomach
Within simple stomached animals
- mixing and digestion
- proteolytic enzymes
- gastric lypase
Small Intestine
surface area
Duodenum: digestion
Jejunum and ileum: absorption
Peristalsis
Large intestine
Colon: hind gut fermentation: absorption
Rectum: formation of feces
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Liver: major role is to produce bile
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas: secretes bicarbonate and several enzymes in an inactive form
What determines an animals nutrient needs? (5)
- species digestive tract
- species metabolism/ species size
- level of production
- specific product being produced
- combination of products being produced
Order of Priority
- Maintenance
- development
- growth
- lactation/work
- reproduction
- fattening
Maintenance
- amount of nutrients required to maintain the animal at at constant weight and temperature
- varies by species, state of development, body composition
- ruminant digestive tract- requires 40-50%
Development
develop tissues
-proliferation and differentiation
less demands as animal approaches maturity
Growth
increase size and maturity of tissues
*skeletal muscle
Lactation/ work
work: physical exertion as a production function
reproduction
conflicts with production needs: lactation
Fattening
Excess energy
- finishing animals
- body condition score
What is a Nutrient
chemical element or compound in the diet that supports reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance
Classification of nutrients (6)
- water
- carbs
- vitamins
- minerals
- proteins
- fats
Water functions (5)
positive correlation between the consumption of all other nutrients and the consumption of water
Functions
- lubrication
- regulates body temp
- solvent during digestion
- transport medium in body fluids
- biochemical reactions
sources of water for animals
- drinking water
- water in feed
- metabolic water
how is water eliminated
- urine
- fecal excretion
- perspiration
- vapor loss from lungs
- milk production
Carbs
- sources of energy
- sugars, starch, structural (cellulose) - broken down into glucose or simple sugars and stored as glycogen
What are complex fiber forages comprised of
- structural carbs
- cellulose
- hemicellulose
simple concentrates: cereal grains comprised of
starch
structural
glucose
functions of carbs
source of energy
source of heat
building blocks for other nutrients
converted to fat and stored
diseases related to carbs
- ketosis-excess ketones in blood
2. diabetes-high blood glucose
Protein
- major component of the body
- function in every physiological process
- contains C, H, O, N
Classifications of proteins
True: composed entirely of amino acids
Crude: contain both true proteins and other nitrogenous products
Classification of amino acids
- Essential
2. Non essential
Essential amino acids
amino acids which cant be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be supplied in diet
Non essential amino acids
amino acids which are required fro normal growth but can be produced in the body
Amino acid functions (6)
- structural proteins
- immune function
- enzymes
- oxygen transport
- hormones
- neurotransmission
Fats (lipids)
- organic compounds in plants and animals that are INSOLUBLE in water, but are soluble in either chloroform or benzene
functions of lipids (7)
- essential fatty acids
- absorption of fat soluble vitamins
- structure of cells: phospholipids
- cholesterol: steroid hormones, vit D, cell membranes
- insulation and protection
- highly digestible, dense energy source
- palatability
Chemical fat: triglyceride
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
2 types of Free fatty acids (non estrified fatty acids)
Saturated: solid at room temp
Unsaturated: liquid at room temp
2 types of essential fatty acids
- Linoleic Acid
- -omega
- -found in corn, soybean, and sunflower oil - Linolenic acid
- -omega 3
- -found in flaxseed, canola, nut and fish oils
Vitamins
- organic compounds
2. small amounts
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
- absorbed by intestinal tract via acid of lipids
- excreted via bile
- delicate compounds (spoils: oxidizes)
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C
- dissolved and absorbed by the intestinal tract through the acid of water
- excreted via urine
- not stored in significant quantities
Mineral
- inorganic elements to plants and animals found in its tissues
- macro or tace minerals
Macro minerals
- required at concentrations greater than 100ppm of greater than .2% of diet
- Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
Trace minerals
required at concentrations less than 100 ppm
1. iron, selenium, copper
Functions of minerals (7)
- strength to skeleton
- part of proteins
- activate enzyme systems
- control fluid balance
- regulate acid base balance
- exert effects on nerves/muscles
- engage in mineral-vitamin relationships
- -Ca: vitamin D
- -P: Vitamin D
