Nutrition

Question 1

What is nutrition

Answer 1

how body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for production purposes
-study of how animals consume, digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and excrete nutrients

Question 2

2 reasons we study nutrition

Answer 2

1. feed accounts for the majority of livestock production costs
   - -influences profitability
   - -feed costs are variable
   - -growing emphasis to improve feed efficiency
2. meet nutrient needs of animals through the development of balanced diets which ensure:
   - -greatest physical capabilities
   - -maximize health and well being
   * decrease disease susceptibility
   * increase ability to recover from infectious diseases

Question 3

2 Types of Carnivores

Answer 3

Obligate- true carnivores consume largely flesh

• -simple digestive tract but teeth adapted for ripping and chewing
• -** require taurine
• -eat vegetation as an emetic

Facultative–may consume some plant materials

Question 4

Herbivores

Answer 4

consume plant materials

1. possess a more complex digestion tract and teeth which are designed to grind

Question 5

Omnivores

Answer 5

teeth designed for

1. Front-chewing
2. Back-grinding

Question 6

Mono gastric digestive tract

Answer 6

1. simple stomached: humans, pigs, cats, dogs
2. Horses are but also have a hind gut fermentation system
3. Avian: have gizzards to grind up feed

Question 7

Ruminant Stomach Compartments

Answer 7

4 compartments

1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum

Question 8

Steps within the mouth of animals

Answer 8

1. Prehension: bring food to mouth
2. mastications: vertical and lateral action of jaw and teeth
3. salivation: contains enzymes, bicarbonate to neutralize pH

Question 9

Esophagus

Answer 9

Peristalsis: coordinated contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 10

Stomach

Answer 10

Within simple stomached animals

1. mixing and digestion
2. proteolytic enzymes
3. gastric lypase

Question 11

Small Intestine

Answer 11

surface area
Duodenum: digestion
Jejunum and ileum: absorption
Peristalsis

Question 12

Large intestine

Answer 12

Colon: hind gut fermentation: absorption
Rectum: formation of feces

Question 13

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Answer 13

Liver: major role is to produce bile
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas: secretes bicarbonate and several enzymes in an inactive form

Question 14

What determines an animals nutrient needs? (5)

Answer 14

1. species digestive tract
2. species metabolism/ species size
3. level of production
4. specific product being produced
5. combination of products being produced

Question 15

Order of Priority

Answer 15

1. Maintenance
2. development
3. growth
4. lactation/work
5. reproduction
6. fattening

Question 16

Maintenance

Answer 16

1. amount of nutrients required to maintain the animal at at constant weight and temperature
2. varies by species, state of development, body composition
3. ruminant digestive tract- requires 40-50%

Question 17

Development

Answer 17

develop tissues
-proliferation and differentiation
less demands as animal approaches maturity

Question 18

Growth

Answer 18

increase size and maturity of tissues

*skeletal muscle

Question 19

Lactation/ work

Answer 19

work: physical exertion as a production function

Question 20

reproduction

Answer 20

conflicts with production needs: lactation

Question 21

Fattening

Answer 21

Excess energy

• finishing animals
• body condition score

Question 22

What is a Nutrient

Answer 22

chemical element or compound in the diet that supports reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance

Question 23

Classification of nutrients (6)

Answer 23

1. water
2. carbs
3. vitamins
4. minerals
5. proteins
6. fats

Question 24

Water functions (5)

Answer 24

positive correlation between the consumption of all other nutrients and the consumption of water

Functions

1. lubrication
2. regulates body temp
3. solvent during digestion
4. transport medium in body fluids
5. biochemical reactions

Question 25

sources of water for animals

Answer 25

1. drinking water 2. water in feed 3. metabolic water

Question 26

how is water eliminated

Answer 26

1. urine 2. fecal excretion 3. perspiration 4. vapor loss from lungs 5. milk production

Question 27

Carbs

Answer 27

1. sources of energy - sugars, starch, structural (cellulose) 2. broken down into glucose or simple sugars and stored as glycogen

Question 28

What are complex fiber forages comprised of

Answer 28

1. structural carbs 2. cellulose 3. hemicellulose

Question 29

simple concentrates: cereal grains comprised of

Answer 29

starch structural glucose

Question 30

functions of carbs

Answer 30

source of energy source of heat building blocks for other nutrients converted to fat and stored

Question 31

diseases related to carbs

Answer 31

1. ketosis-excess ketones in blood | 2. diabetes-high blood glucose

Question 32

Protein

Answer 32

1. major component of the body 2. function in every physiological process 3. contains C, H, O, N

Question 33

Classifications of proteins

Answer 33

True: composed entirely of amino acids Crude: contain both true proteins and other nitrogenous products

Question 34

Classification of amino acids

Answer 34

1. Essential | 2. Non essential

Question 35

Essential amino acids

Answer 35

amino acids which cant be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be supplied in diet

Question 36

Non essential amino acids

Answer 36

amino acids which are required fro normal growth but can be produced in the body

Question 37

Amino acid functions (6)

Answer 37

1. structural proteins 2. immune function 3. enzymes 4. oxygen transport 5. hormones 6. neurotransmission

Question 38

Fats (lipids)

Answer 38

1. organic compounds in plants and animals that are INSOLUBLE in water, but are soluble in either chloroform or benzene

Question 39

functions of lipids (7)

Answer 39

1. essential fatty acids 2. absorption of fat soluble vitamins 3. structure of cells: phospholipids 4. cholesterol: steroid hormones, vit D, cell membranes 5. insulation and protection 6. highly digestible, dense energy source 7. palatability

Question 40

Chemical fat: triglyceride

Answer 40

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Question 41

2 types of Free fatty acids (non estrified fatty acids)

Answer 41

Saturated: solid at room temp Unsaturated: liquid at room temp

Question 42

2 types of essential fatty acids

Answer 42

1. Linoleic Acid - -omega - -found in corn, soybean, and sunflower oil 2. Linolenic acid - -omega 3 - -found in flaxseed, canola, nut and fish oils

Question 43

Vitamins

Answer 43

1. organic compounds | 2. small amounts

Question 44

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 44

ADEK 1. absorbed by intestinal tract via acid of lipids 2. excreted via bile 3. delicate compounds (spoils: oxidizes)

Question 45

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 45

B vitamins and vitamin C 1. dissolved and absorbed by the intestinal tract through the acid of water 2. excreted via urine 3. not stored in significant quantities

Question 46

Mineral

Answer 46

1. inorganic elements to plants and animals found in its tissues 2. macro or tace minerals

Question 47

Macro minerals

Answer 47

1. required at concentrations greater than 100ppm of greater than .2% of diet 2. Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S

Question 48

Trace minerals

Answer 48

required at concentrations less than 100 ppm | 1. iron, selenium, copper

Question 49

Functions of minerals (7)

Answer 49

1. strength to skeleton 2. part of proteins 3. activate enzyme systems 4. control fluid balance 5. regulate acid base balance 6. exert effects on nerves/muscles 7. engage in mineral-vitamin relationships - -Ca: vitamin D - -P: Vitamin D