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REPRO 1 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

healthy infants are born with enough iron to last them this long

A

6 months

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2
Q

T/F: an infant who is deficient in iron can receive what they need via the breast milk

A

false, breast milk contains very little iron and they will need an iron supplement

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3
Q

What is the best way to get iron after being 4-6 months old?

A

fortified cereals and supplements

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4
Q

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in infants

A

iron deficiency anemia (hypochromic, microcytic)

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5
Q

What can occur if an infant does not receive enough folate?

A

megaloblastic anemia

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6
Q

How long does a healthy term infant have B12 storage for?

A

1 year

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7
Q

How is B12 deficiency similar and different from folate deficiency?

A

Both cause a megaloblastic anemia but B12 has neurological sx

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8
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized from this molecule in the skin

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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9
Q

Vitamin D deficiency will result in low serum levels of these 2

A

calcium and phosphorous

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10
Q

How long are children to be kept out of direct sunlight?

A

Guidelines state that no infant should be in the direct light for first 6 mos of life

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11
Q

What is administered in a 1 mg dose to children at birth IM to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

A

vitamin K (phylloquinone)

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12
Q

What would lead you to think that an infant had a vitamin K deficiency?

A

bleeding, bruising, and weakening of bones

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13
Q

When does a kid need fluoride? What are the Sx of fluoride excess?

A

after 6 mos, mottled teeth

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14
Q

What is the role of carnitine?

A

facilitates fatty acid transport across mitochondrial membrane

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15
Q

What are 3 benefits of taurine in newborns

A

neurologic and retinal development, aids bile acid conjugation

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16
Q

These 2 amino acids are required in premature babies

A

cysteine and tyrosine (cysteine may lower requirement for methionine)

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17
Q

How much would expect a 7 pound baby (at birth) to weigh at 6 months?

A

14 pounds, they double weight by 6 months

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18
Q

What is an acceptable amount of an infants birthweight for them to LOSE in the first few days of life?

A

10%

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19
Q

What are 4 conditions regarding a newborn’s birthweight that require immediate attention?

A

birthweight < 5th percentile; weight loss > 10%, loss continuing beyond 10 days, weight loss not regained by 3 weeks

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20
Q

This is a sensitive measurement of protein-energy metabolism (PEM)

A

infant body length

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21
Q

This device measures infant length in the recumbent position

A

infanometer

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22
Q

What is suggested by a poor head circumference?

A

poor nutritional status

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23
Q

If a woman chooses to forego breast-feeding, then milk from what 3 animals should you ensure that the infant is NOT drinking?

A

cow, goat, sheep

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24
Q

How many times/day should an infant breastfeed/eat

A

8-12 times per day

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25
Q

When are solid foods appropriate to give to an infant?

A

after 4-6 months; they can chew and swallow by 1 year

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26
Q

The WHO recommends this pattern of feeding for 1st year of life?

A

breast feeding for 6 months; then introduction of soft foods with continued breast feeding

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27
Q

Do infant’s stomachs empty fast or slow? What is the effect of low levels of zymogenic cells (chief cells)?

A

slow; low levels of pepsin since zymogenic = pepsinogen

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28
Q

Why shouldn?t an infant drink cow’s milk?

A

Their immature stomach cannot breakdown the complex molecules present; also, it can overload the renal system and cause dehydration

29
Q

What is the stomach capacity at birth vs. 1 year later?

A

20 ml; 200 ml

30
Q

At what age does a child begin to produce lactase? Pancreatic amylase?

A

birth; 6 months

31
Q

Fat is very important for the growth of this organ in an infant

A

BRAIN (myelin), and other organs

32
Q

These 2 molecules provide energy to the brain

A

glucose, ketone bodies

33
Q

How much of the following (in grams) is required per day for an infant: fat, carbs, protein

A

31, 60, 9.1 (don’t forget the 0.1, very important)

34
Q

What usually has more protein, breast milk or formula?

A

formula

35
Q

When do infant nutrition requirements peak?

A

first 2 months of life

36
Q

BOTTOM LINE: how much breast milk or formula does an infant need/day to satisfy their requirements?

A

150 ml/kg/day

37
Q

Breast milk helps to prevent this skin disorder

A

eczema

38
Q

What is the effect of breastfeeding on post-partum bleeding in the mother?

A

decreased chances

39
Q

This infant reflex is required for effective breastfeeding

A

rooting reflex

40
Q

6 contraindications to breastfeeding

A

HIV positive, ACTIVE TB, HTLV, herpes of the nipple, active drug or alcohol abuse

41
Q

What happens at birth that stimulates milk production in the mother?

A

sudden drop in progesterone with continued prolactin production

42
Q

What is unique about the colostrum in comparison to later milk secretions?

A

it contains more immunoglobulins

43
Q

At the beginning of a feeding the baby receives foremilk, towards the end they receive hindmilk which is particularly high in _______

A

fat

44
Q

When should a mother offer breast #2 to a baby who is suckling breast #1?

A

When breast #1 is emptied

45
Q

Although the iron content of breastmilk is lower than that of formula, why is the absorption rate higher?

A

because breastmilk contains lactoferrin

46
Q

This is a VERY important fat in breast milk

A

DHA

47
Q

Why might DHA synthesis be deficient in newborns?

A

because they cannot convert alpha linolenic acid to DHA

48
Q

What effect does lactoferrin in breast milk have on bacteria?

A

it steals their iron!

49
Q

Name 2 growth hormones in milk

A

epidermal growth factor and IGF-1

50
Q

Why should a woman who is breast-feeding take in adequate calcium?

A

to protect her own stores since she is losing it in the milk

51
Q

Regarding the embryo when, specifically, is the need for folate the greatest?

A

the first trimester but particularly around the days of neuropore closure (18-28)

52
Q

Before week 12 the fetus is fed via this______… Bonus super ninja status: what duct connects the infant to this structure?

A

yolk sac; vitelline duct, that actually wasn’t that hard, you’re not a ninja.

53
Q

What “cofactors” are needed for uptake of the following: 1) Vitamins A, D, E, K 2) Vitamin A specifically 3) Vitamin D specifically

A

1) lipoproteins 2) retinol binding protein 3) vitamin D binding protein

54
Q

This is the circulating iron transport protein

A

transferrin

55
Q

What is true of the maternal absorption rate of iron during pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant state

A

it increases in pregnancy (gut takes up more iron)

56
Q

Give an example of a vitamin that should not be taken in excess for the infant

A

vitamin A (phocomelia I think)

57
Q

Which vitamin enhances the uptake of iron?

A

vitamin C

58
Q

Name 2 things that decrease iron uptake

A

black tea and whole grains

59
Q

What effect does caffeine have on serum calcium?

A

decreases it by increasing excretion (prob bc diuretic, so maybe all diuretics do this idk)

60
Q

Why shouldn?t you rely on spinach as a calcium supplement?

A

it contains oxalic acid (which forms calcium oxalate) and this decreases its uptake

61
Q

Explain in terms of surface area why infants receive more nutrients (i.e. why do infants receive nutrients from the mother more so than mothers receive nutrients from the baby?)

A

the surface area on the MATERNAL side is 6x greater than that on the fetal side, therefore more is extracted from mom

62
Q

Which fat is especially important to be in the diet of a pregant woman?

A

DHA

63
Q

This fat in the fetus is particularly important for brain development

A

DHA

64
Q

Important fat

A

DHA

65
Q

fat

A

DHA. You have been conditioned.

66
Q

What effect may caffiene intake >300 mg/d have on the infant

A

IUGR

67
Q

If a woman is constipated what should you recommend that she eat?

A

high fiber foods

68
Q

What is particularly important to avoid in HTN mothers (i.e. pre-eclampsia)?

A

SODIUM

69
Q

What are 3 ways to evaluate fetal growth in a mother

A

maternal weight gain, fundal height, US

REPRO 1 (10 decks)

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