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REPRO 1 > DS > Flashcards

DS Flashcards

1
Q

Damage to the perineal body/pelvic floor may cause dysfunction of this muscle

A

levator ani

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2
Q

What term describes the collapse of the following into the anterior wall of the vagina: bladder, rectum, rectovaginal pouch

A

Cystocele, rectocele, enterocele

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3
Q

A median episiotomy can damage this structure

A

perineal body

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4
Q

A mediolateral episiotomy spares this structure ________ but runs the risk of this complication __________

A

perineal body, abscess in the ischioanal fossa

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5
Q

An abscess of the ischioanal fossa could potentially damage what 3 structures?

A

obturator internus, pelvic diaphragm (pubococcygeus, levator ani), and external anal sphincter

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6
Q

What is done in a culdocentesis?

A

Drainage of the peritoneal cavity (i.e. ascites) via the posterior vaginal fornix into the rectouterine pouch of Douglass

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7
Q

This is is a route of metastasis from the pelvic venous network to the vertebrae

A

Batson’s venous plexus

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8
Q

What are the roles of parasympathetic nerves (pelvic splanchnic) and pudendal nerves in erection?

A

Both S2-4, parasympathetics dilate the vascular smooth muscle and pudendal contracts the perineal muscles

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9
Q

Which fibers are important for emission of sperm from the ductus deferens?

A

L1-L2 sympathetic

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10
Q

Which fibers are important for ejaculation?

A

L1-2 close the internal urethral sphincter, S2-4 para contract urethral smooth muscle and S2-4 pudendal contract perineal muscles

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11
Q

This is the normal position of the uterus

A

anteverted and anteflexed

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12
Q

Damage to what 2 fascial ligaments can cause uterine prolapse? Which peritoneal fold?

A

The uterosacral and transverse cervical; broad ligament

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13
Q

Most common (general) location of ectopic pregnancy

A

Fallopian tube

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14
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the uterine tube and ovary?

A

Lumbar (para-aortic)

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15
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the fundus of the uterus?

A

Lumbar (para-aortic)

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16
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the body/cervix of the fundus?

A

external and internal iliac, obturator, and sacral

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17
Q

Which LN’s drain the area of the cervix near the attachment of the round ligament?

A

superficial inguinal

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18
Q

Which LN’s drain the upper 2/3 of the vagina?

A

internal and external iliac and sacral

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19
Q

Which LN drain the lower part of the vagina and vulva

A

superficial inguinal

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20
Q

How is it possible that cervical cancer can spread to the labia majora?

A

The area of the cervix nerar the round ligament of the uterus drains to superficial inguinal nodes, which are located near labia majora and also drain the labia majora

21
Q

What is your landmark for a perineal nerve block?

A

Ischial spine, the pudendal nerve crosses the ischial spine

22
Q

The Y chromosome contains the genetic code for this molecule which changes the default female to a male

A

testis determining factor

23
Q

Where do germ cells travel to?

A

the genital ridge, a pair of longitudinal ridges medial to the mesonephric ridges

24
Q

How are the primitive sex cords formed?

A

a proliferation of coelomic epithelium into the mesenchyme of the genital ridge

25
Q

Which cells (in a the ovary) are derived from primordial germ cells and coelomic epithelium, respectively?

A

oocytes and follicular cells (Theca and granulosa)

26
Q

What does the part of the gubernaculum between the uterus and the ovary become?

A

the ovarian ligament

27
Q

What does the part of the gubernaculum between the uterus and labia majora become?

A

round ligament of the uterus

28
Q

What is the canal of Nuck?

A

a persistend processus vaginalis in women (in men this would = hydrocele)

29
Q

The mesonephric duct (Wolfiann duct) is important for this embryonic organ

A

mesonephric (intermediate) kidney

30
Q

What does the mesonephric duct become in males?

A

efferent ductules

31
Q

What molecule results in a persistence of the mesonephric ducts?

A

testosterone, with it they become efferent ductules, without it they regress to remnants in a woman

32
Q

What are the remnants of the mesonephric duct in a woman called?

A

epoopheron and paraoopheron

33
Q

What benign “pathology” can form in a woman from here mesonephric duct remnants?

A

Gartner’s cysts

34
Q

What molecule in a male causes persistence of the mesonephric ducts? Regression of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

testosterone; Mullerian Inhibiting factor (MIF), respectively

35
Q

The paramesonephric ducts give rise to these 3 structures

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and superior part of vagina

36
Q

When is genotypic sex determined?

A

at fertilization

37
Q

When is phenotypic sex determined

A

that depends but it results from the interaction of a lot of different molecules, and their absence may result in ambiguous genitalia

38
Q

What happens to the ovaries in Turner’s syndrome?

A

they are streak ovaries, underdeveloped

39
Q

In testicular feminization syndrome which leads to a blind-ending vagina, absent/rudimentary uterine tubes, and testes in the abdomen results from a defect in this:

A

androgen receptor

40
Q

What kind of hermaphrodite may have an ovotestis?

A

A true hermaphrodite (extremely rare)

41
Q

Absence of which 2 molecules would most likely lead to pseudohermphrodism in a genetic male?

A

either testosterone or MIF

42
Q

What is the most common cause of pseudohermaphrodism in a genetic female?

A

loss of 21 hydroxylase (congentical adrenal hyperplasia)

43
Q

From what embryonic cell do sperm arise?

A

primordial germ cells

44
Q

From what embryonic cell do seminiferous tubules/sertoli cells arise?

A

coelomic epithelium

45
Q

From what embryonic cell do Leydig cells arise?

A

mesenchyme

46
Q

From what embryonic cell does the ovarian stroma arise?

A

mesenchyme

47
Q

From what embryonic tissue do follicle cells arise?

A

coelomic epithelium

48
Q

From what embryonic cell do oogonia arise?

A

PGC’s

REPRO 1 (10 decks)

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