Nutrition Flashcards
Feed costs make up ________ of total production costs.
Almost 75%
Name the 10 factors that affect nutrition.
- Breed
- Gender
- Age
- Weight
- Health status
- Temperature/Weather
- Housing
- Availability of nutrients
- Limit or ad lib feeding
- Feed processing methods
What type of digestive system do pigs have?
Monogastric
Pigs have a _____ energy-_____ fiber diet.
High energy-low fiber
Labeled digestive tract of a pig.
The swine stomach:
- Has a pH of about 2 (Acidic)
- Can hold about 2 gallons
- Stores and moves feed and secretes gastric juices
What is “green bacon”?
Unsmoked bacon
The swine small intestine:
- 60 feet; 2.5 gallons
- Duodenum - secretions from pancreas, liver and intestinal walls, digestion
- Jejunum & Ileum - site of nutrient absorption (chitlins)
The swine large intestine:
- 17 feet; 2.5 gallons
- Cecum, colon and rectum
- Water absorption, stores undigested material, some bacterial fermentation, limited nutrient absorption
Maintenance Requirements
- We want this especially during gestation
- Maintain temperature
- Vital body processes (defecating, breathing, digesting, etc.)
- Minimal movement
- Repair damaged cells and tissue
_______ and _______ supply most of the pig’s caloric needs.
Carbohydrates and Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrates: Examples in diet and source
Source of heat and energy
Extra converted to fat
Generally cereal grains: Corn, wheat, barley and cereal grain by-products
Lipids contain ____ the amount of energy as carbohydrates.
2.25 X
Which carbohydrate source provides most of the caloric need?
Corn
Examples of lipids in diet
Lard, choice white grease, beef tallow, corn oil and soybean oil
Lipids are used to _____ energy density of diets.
Increase
What happens when you feed a pig too much fat?
Pig gets fat, which causes it’s meat and fat to get softer
If there is a deficiency in linoleic acid, what can occur?
- Dermatitis
- Reduced growth
- Water retention
- Impaired reproductive functions
Protein needed for…
Maintenance, growth and reproduction
Crude protein requirements for: Boars
14-16%
Crude protein requirements for: Gestating Sows
12-14%
Crude protein requirements for: Lactating Sows
13-16%
Crude protein requirements for: Nursing Pigs
20-24%
Crude protein requirements for: Grow-finish pigs
12-16%
Name the required AAs in a swine diet.
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
- Phenylalanine
- Isoleucine
- Threonine
- Leucine
Methionine levels are most important in?
Nursing (young) pig diets
Which is the limiting AA in pigs? (First one to be deficient in a diet)
Lysine
Lysine has higher requirements for:
- Growing pigs
- Boars and gilts
- High lean pigs
- Hot temperatures
Which would require more lysine?
80 lb gilt vs. 80 lb barrow
80% lean vs. 20% lean
5º barn vs. 90º barn
80 lb gilt
80% lean
90º barn
Deficiency of one or more AAs results in:
Depressed growth rate
Poor feed conversion
Un-thriftiness
Reduced reproductive performance
(Ex: Goose-walking, hunched over)
Animal protein sources
Tankage (parts not used in slaughterhouses that are then cooked)
Meat and bone meal
Fish meal (Most likely used in swine diet)
Dried skim milk ($$)
Plant protein sources (Most protein in swine diet comes from plants)
*Soybean meal*
Cottonseed meal
Corn gluten meal
Minerals and Vitamins have been added routinely to swine diets since the 1980’s. Why?
Around the time swine moved inside (confinement housing). No access to minerals and vitamins from concrete as there was with soil.
Some of the reasons mineral and vitamin additives were needed in the swine diet after the 1980’s?
- Denied access to crops and soil
- No coprophagy
- Reduced multiple protein sources
- Fed intake limited during gestation
- Early weaning
Of all livestock, swine are the most likely to suffer from ________.
Mineral deficiences
Why are swine most prone to mineral deficiencies?
- Primarily fed cereal grains
- Skeleton supports a greater weight in proportion to size
- Reproduce at a younger age
- Indoor rearing
What are the 13 inorganic elements required in swine diets?
- Calcium
- Chlorine
- Copper
- Iodine
- Iron
- Magnesium
- Manganese
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Selenium
- Sodium
- Sulfur
- Zinc
What is considered a good Calcium to Phosphorus ratio?
2:1
What do we use for supplemental calcium?
Limestone and oyster shells
What do we use for phosphorus?
- Dicalcium and Monocalcium Phosphate
- Supplemental Phytase enzymes: aims to improve availability of phosphorus in corn and SBM
What about salt?
- Must be added to ALL diets
- Grains and plant protein supplements are low in both sodium and chloride.
Vitamins are required for…
- Metabolic function
- Development of tissues
- Growth
- Maintenance
Some vitamins are produced with a pig’s body in sufficient quantities to meet needs, others…
Are present in adequate amounts in feed
-Several are added for optimal performance
Fat soluble vitamins supplemented (stored in fat, last longer) include:
A
D
E
K
Water soluble vitamins supplemented (cannot have too much, passes through system) include:
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Riboflavin
Vitamin B12
Vitamin A
*Supplement - not found in corn, SBM
- Vision, reproduction, growth, secretion
- Stored in liver
If deficient in vitamin A…
- Uncoordinated movement
- Loss of hind leg control
- Weakness of back
Vitamin D
*Much more likely to be deficient
- Absorption of C and P
If deficient in vitamin D…
- Stiffness
- Lameness
- Enlarged joints
- Broken bones (in severe cases)
Vitamin E
Protects unsaturated fat against oxidation (to prevent odd flavors in meat)
Vitamin K
Blood clotting
If deficient in vitamin K…
- Hemorrhage
- Slow growth
- Hyperirritability
Water is…
The most essential and cheapest of all nutrients
What % of body weight of newborn pigs is water?
80%
What % of body weight of market hogs is water?
50%
When pigs are deprived of water…
- Reduces feed consumption (feed is dry)
- Limits growth
- Limits feed efficiency
- Reduces milk production
Water’s role in physiological functions:
- Temperature regulation
- Transport of nutrients and wastes
- Metabolic processes
- Milk production
Water is a carrier for…
- Dewormers
- Antibiotics
- Vaccines
Water consumption for: Non-gestating sow and gestating sow
6 gallons/day
Water consumption for: Lactating sow
8 gallons/day
Water consumption for: Nursery pig
1 gallon/day
Water consumption for: Finishing pig (40-120lb)
3 gallons/day
Water consumption for: Finishing pig (120-300lb)
4 gallons/day
Water consumption for: Boar
8 gallons/day
