nutrition 🍗 Flashcards

Question

what are the functions of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid

Answer 1

- acting as constituents of cell membranes in prostaglandin synthesis during inflammation - control of water loss through the skin

Answer 2

- metabolic processes - chemical reactions - temperature regulation - eliminating waste from the body - health and survival.

Answer 3

one oxygen atom bonded to two different hydrogen atoms

Answer 4

- transports medium - temperature regulation - digestion - lubricant - elimination - hydrolysis

Answer 5

- helps different digestives juices and food components interact - enhancing digestion - excretion of waste products in the form of urine, faeces, and perspiration, sweat,

Answer 6

water absorption occurs in the small intestine with additional absorption in the large intestine

Answer 7

composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. CH20

Answer 8

- provision of energy - synthesis of body compounds- RNA and DNA - source of fibre

Answer 9

monosacchardies disaccharides polysaccharides

Answer 10

mouth, stomach, liver and SI

Answer 11

pytalin is secreted by the parotid gland and salivary amylase starts the digestion of carbs

Answer 12

some mechanical digetsion occurs. enzymatic digestion also occurs as the low ph of the stomach inactivated salivary amylase

Answer 13

pancreatic amylase is released which breaks down the digestion of starch or glucose. on the brush border of microvilli are enzymes that finish the breakdown of carbs into single glucose molecules that can be absorbed. the carb molecules are now broken down into disaccharides, sucrose, maltose and lactose. disaccharides break down into monosaccharides as monosaccharides are the only carb that can be broken down. maltase breaks down maltose into glucose, surcase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Answer 14

Glucose etc. is absorbed into the blood stream and carried via the hepatic portal vein to the liver where it is stored and glycogen and release into the circulation as required for energy.

Answer 15

Fermentation i.e. carbohydrates broken down in an environment with little or no oxygen in such a way as to release energy. Microbes in the LI are anaerobes (i.e.no oxygen) Microbes only use part of the energy they release the rest can benefit the mucosal lining of the large intestine. Some fibres are more rapidly fermented than others. The more rapid the fermentation the more gases and short chain fatty acids are released in a short time i.e. the more flatulent they are!!

Answer 16

walking running repair growth

Answer 17

fats carbs protein

Answer 18

oxidising the food is eaten

Answer 19

total energy released by the oxidation of food in an environment of pure oxygen

Answer 20

bomb calorimetry

Answer 21

energy available from a food when its been absorbed into the body after digestion in the digestive tract

Answer 22

gross energy minus faecal losses

Answer 23

the energy that is ultimately utilised by the tissues

Answer 24

digested energy minus urinary losses

Answer 25

the energy to an animal for the upkeep of vital functions, exercise, growth and adaption to changing environments etc

Answer 26

metabolisable energy minus heat increment

Answer 27

the energy required to keep essential bodily processes functioning and so maintain the animal

Answer 28

the energy required by an animal in a thermo-neutral environment 12hrs after eating

Answer 29

nutritionally balanced when fed alone can be in any form composition must meet the nutritional requirements of the stated species at the particular life stage its sold for

Answer 30

not balanced when fed alone can be in any form an additional diet which should be fed should clearly state the life stage and purpose of diet

Answer 31

method of determining the analytical consituents

Answer 32

moist diets

Answer 33

highest palability high digestibility high energy density on a dry matter basis

Answer 34

high moisture content with high levels of preservatives not suited for obese or diabetic pets usually complementary

Answer 35

immunoglobins. important for early immunity

Answer 36

directly through the intestine

Answer 37

energy nutrients has a laxative effect to get rid of early faecal waste

Answer 38

eat, sleep and grow they are poikilothermic stay on mothers milk until 3-4 wks of age and then introduce solids should be provided with a good quality growth diet ( moist diet) mixed with warm water provide the food little and often, 4-5x a day using a shallow dish weaned by 6wks of age deciduous teeth erupt at 21-35days

Answer 39

6-12 months

Answer 40

12-18months

Answer 41

18-24months

Answer 42

first 6 months

Answer 43

pups requirement in the first 6 months is double that of an adult animal. this decreases as growth rate slows. kittens- 160kcal/day on average but are usually fed as lib and regulate their own energy intake

Answer 44

OCD and hip dysplasia as they have an inherited tendency. its made worse by fast growth rate and too much calcium.

Answer 45

portion controlled 4-5 meals per day up to 10wks 3 meals a day until they reach 50% of adult size 2 meals a day thereafter 20-40 mins of low impact exercise can help support muscle and bone growth

Answer 46

fed ad lib

Answer 47

portion controlled vs ad lib 2 meals a day

Answer 48

reached maximum work, not pregnant or lactating and not doing strenuous work

Answer 49

weight loss, bad breath, low metabolic rate, lipoma, urinary system changes, decreased activity levels, decrease In bone mass (more thin and brittle so cant absorb calcium)

Answer 50

Initially the food is chewed thoroughly to break it down and mix it with saliva. This then passes into the stomach and on into the small intestine. In the small intestine most of the protein, some starches and sugars are absorbed. The residue is passed to the junction of the ileum and the caecum/ colon. At this point the food is divided into two parts. The large indigestible fibre particles pass through the colon and are excreted as the small round hard droppings. The small soluble particles, which are to be recycled pass into the enlarged caecum where it undergoes bacterial fermentation.

Answer 51

Muesli foods have been linked to slower gut movements, but they also found that urinary problems and inflammation of the skin connected.

Answer 52

protein- 16-18% fat 3% crude fibre- 16-18%

Answer 53

protein- 12-14% fat- 1% crude fibre- 20%

Answer 54

when bile salts are available

Answer 55

Fat soluble The fat-soluble vitamins are similar to oil and do not dissolve in water. Fat-soluble vitamins are most abundant in high fat foods and are much better absorbed into the bloodstream when eaten with fat as they are dissolved by fats in the body. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and are distributed through the body in the bloodstream. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body when not in use. Water soluble Water-soluble vitamins found in food or supplements, are dissolved in water. Water-soluble vitamins are those that are dissolved in water then readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Because they are not stored in the body, they need to be replenished regularly in the diet.

Answer 56

Essential for night vision – rhodopsin within the eye to adapt to changes in light. Regulation of immune system normal skeletal and tooth development and reproductive performance spermatogenesis Appearance and maintenance of skin and coat.

Answer 57

Poor skin and coat condition as epithelial tissue that does not function properly leads to lesion in the epithelium and increased susceptibility to infection Night blindness as less retinal is available to regenerate rhodopsin Bone & teeth abnormalities Weakened Immunity

Answer 58

Abnormal bone formation Bone fusion (particularly in the spine) Skin changes joint problems

Answer 59

dark leafy greens carrots fish liver oil liver

Answer 60

carotene synthesised by plant cells

Answer 61

Increases the amount of calcium and phosphorus absorbed in the small intestine Maintains correct levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. helps with immunity and control of cell growth stimulates the synthesis of calcium binding protein which is necessary for the efficient absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus affects normal bone growth and calcification by acting with PTH to mobilize calcium from bone causing an increase in phosphate reabsorption in kidneys

Answer 62

Weakened/softer bones as not enough calcium is absorbed Osteoporosis (loss of bone mass) impaired bone mineralization Weakened muscles

Answer 63

Bone and tooth malformation Slowed growth Decreased appetite Severe ossification problems – osteochondritis (inflammation of bone and cartilage)

Answer 64

Cod liver oil Liver /organ meats Dairy products Eggs Grass & Hay

Answer 65

Vitamin D influences the amount of CAL/PHOS absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and their deposition into bone tissue. Vitamin D stimulates the synthesis of calcium binding protein; this is necessary for the absorption of the calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D mobilises parathormone to transport calcium from the bone to the blood. This results in plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus being increased to levels required for the normal mineralization of bone

Answer 66

Protection of cell membranes Regulation of immune system Acts as an antioxidant!!! – helps to protect cells from unstable molecules also known as ‘free radicals’ protects vit a from oxidative damage the animals dietary vitamin e depends on the the level of PUFAS in the diet

Answer 67

Widespread cell damage Reproductive and immune response failure Muscle Weakness Brown Bowel Syndrome is a condition used to describe a dog or cat deficient in Vitamin E. These animals have affected bowels which ulcerate, haemorrhage and degenerate

Answer 68

Excess of this vitamin is extremely rare in animals therefore does not need to be considered.

Answer 69

Vegetable Oil Grain, nuts and seeds Leafy green vegetables egg yolk

Answer 70

Plays an essential part in blood coagulation Binds calcium to bone liver synthsesis for prothrombin Helps to produce proteins for blood, bones and kidneys.

Answer 71

Anaemia Haemorrhaging Blood coming mucous membranes Bleeding from bowels Blood cannot clot/increased clotting time

Answer 72

Can cause the breakdown of RBC and liver damage – rarely seen

Answer 73

Dark green leafy vegetables Soybean and Canola oil Liver and meat Produced by bacteria in a healthy GI tract

Answer 74

b- complex vitamins thiamin riboflavin niacin

Answer 75

Plays a role in many enzyme reactions of the metabolism. act as co enzymes for specific cellular enzymes that are invoked in energy metabolism and tissue synthesis Helps maintain nervous system and blood cell production in bone marrow Important in normal cardiovascular function

Answer 76

B2 B7 B9 B12

Answer 77

Skin disorders, dermatitis, skin lesions, slow would healing – this is all due to poor cell growth and production Anaemia, lethargy Vomiting and nausea Mouth ulceration Poor coat GI upsets Loss of appetite, Lethargy and fatigue – seen especially in vit B12 deficiencies

Answer 78

Vits B1, B3, B5 & B6 *VERY rarely seen* due to being water soluble. Nausea Vomiting Nerve damage

Answer 79

▪ Fish, most muscle and organ meat, eggs ▪ Legumes, pulses, nuts and seeds Vitamin B2 is also produced by a bacteria in the intestine of dogs and cats

Answer 80

holds cells together through collagen synthesis aids in bone and tooth formation wound healing strengthens blood vessels walls functioning of the immune system

Answer 81

scurvy haemorrhages muscle/ joint pain anorexia struggle standing bone joint pain susceptibility to infection/ wounds dont heal

Answer 82

none as water soluble

Answer 83

minerals are naturally occurring inorganic molecules which are essential for normal growth and body functions

Answer 84

formation of bones, enzyme reactions and the transportation of 02 to maintain the fluid balance within the body

Answer 85

required by the body in 100mg or more per day

Answer 86

calcium, chorus, potassium, sodium, chloride and magnesium

Answer 87

maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance within the body nerve impulse conduction muscle contractions provide cells with structure

Answer 88

required in the body in trace amounts per day (<0.01%)

Answer 89

acting at a cellular level they regulate uptake of other minerals in the diet and are found as a part of any enzyme

Answer 90

iron, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine, zinc

Answer 91

maintain fluid balance in the body

Answer 92

in large conc. inside the animals intracellular fluid

Answer 93

normal, regular heart, muscle, nerve functions, enzyme function

Answer 94

apple cider vinegar, seaweed, banana, green leafy veg, parsley

Answer 95

Underlying medical reason e.g. Endocrine disorder like hypothyroidism (so make sure the vet has treated the problem first before starting a weight loss programme) Neutering predisposes to weight gain – cut food down by 1/3 after neutering. Genetic factors e.g. Labradors Home made/ unbalanced diet Lack of exercise Middle – geriatric age Highly palatable food Feeding ad lib OVERFEEDING!!!!!!!

Answer 96

New fat cells are laid down during growth to accommodate the normal increase in body fat levels. Each of these cells has a basic volume, below which it will not shrink except at times of severe food shortages. If excess calories are eaten during the growth period then extra fat cells will be formed and will be present for life.

Answer 97

Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells in a young animal

Answer 98

In adult animals obesity results from an increase in fat cell size

Answer 99

it creates the potential for an even greater obesity problem later on in life as there are more fat cells available to increase in size. Adolescence is also a critical time when as the animal matures it’s appetite appears to decrease due to the body’s reduced need for energy and protein. This is normal and owners should not try and encourage their pets to continue eating large amounts. Neutering tends to decrease the activity levels in both males and females, which is linked with the removal of testosterone and oestrogen, both of which have appetite depressant effects and can increase the animals’ tendency to gain weight.

Answer 100

Usually obese animals are recognisable from a distance, due to the fact that their outline is altered! Subcutaneous fat is easily identified through the palpation. Usually the ability to feel the ribs decreases with increasing body weight. There may be fatty deposits around the tail region and folds of fat in the inguiral area. Most of the side effects of obesity are seen in those animals that are grossly obese. Being slightly overweight is not particularly harmful but, remember the condition is progressive. Body weight although a good guideline cannot be considered in isolation. Using breed averages is a good starting point but it should be remembered that every individual unique so each animal should be weighed and condition scored.

Answer 101

Enlarged abdomen. Enlarged fatty areas over hips. Wadding walk. Sluggishness.  General response.  Physical activity.  Lifespan. Joint/locomotion problems. Respiratory difficulties. Hypertension. Congestive heart disease.  Hepatic function due to hepatic lipidosis.  Possibility of dystocia. Interference with diagnostic procedures (palpation) Impaired reproductive activity.  Tolerance to heat.  Possibility of constipation.  Surgical risk. Extra flatulence.  Risk of diabetes mellitus.  Resistance to infectious disease.  Possibility of dermatosis. Less pleasing appearance. Impaired release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Overgrown claws due to lack of exercise. Inability to groom/clean themselves. Spinal disorders.

Answer 102

The only way to reverse the obese state is to create a negative energy balance. i.e. feed the animal less energy than it uses each day so forcing it to use it’s own adipose tissue as an energy source. However this should not be done to quickly as lean body mass may be lost and in cats starvation can result in hepatic lipidosis. A target weight should be identified. NB. The reduction in body weight from current weight to the target weight should be no more than 15%. Identify a target weight. Create milestones. 10 – 15% less than the first and each consecutive milestone weight Weight loss should be slow and gradual i.e. 10 – 15 weeks in dogs and 15 – 20 weeks in cats Feed at 1 x RER for cats and 1.4 x RER for dogs at each milestone weight but adjust for the individual! Reduce intake by an additional 10% if no weight loss.

Answer 103

Normal vitamin and mineral requirements remain the same during weight loss – so be careful of just reducing the amount of the diet you offer normally. Commercial diets aimed at producing weight loss all have less fat than maintenance diets because fat has a higher calorie density than either protein or carbohydrates, however they vary in the amount of fibre, air or moisture added. It was thought that increased fibre in the diet results in a feeling of fullness thus reducing the amount eaten, but that point is now debated. Studies have shown that there may be a short-term effect, but there is no evidence to suggest that the effect is maintained. However increasing fibre content does slow down the digestion and absorption of nutrients so reduces uptake of calories from the food. However it also increases faecal volume! Air and moisture is added to maintain the volume of the food and to make it look like the same quantity is being fed but it contains fewer calories. They do have the advantage of having the correct vitamin and mineral to energy ratio.

Answer 104

Metabolic diet designed to support weight loss at home but is a prescription diet – not suitable for pregnant animals/ growing animals This helps turn overweight dogs from fat storers to fat burners, helping them to lose weight and prevent weight regain.-Helps regulate appetite and enhances satiety, helping them feel fuller for longer and reducing begging behaviour.

Answer 105

5% unless the dog is actually doing agility or flyball exercise can’t be relied on for weight loss, but it does improve muscle tone, health and fitness overall.

Answer 106

1) Physiological Changes. a) Pregnancy b) Lactation. c) Old age, senility. d) Exercise. 2) Feeding Mismanagement. a) Deprivation of food. b) Low dietary energy or protein. c) Malnutrition. d) Abrupt dietary changes. 3) Trauma a) Pain- induced anorexia. b) Head injuries. c) Jaw injuries. d) Inability to reach food. 4) Diseases. a) Tooth loss. b) Oral disease. c) Parasitism. d) Malabsorption, chronic diarrhoea. e) Diabetes mellitus. f) Liver failure. (Pancreas or heart) g) Chronic infection. h) Cancer. Other causes. a) Medication and supplements. b) Drugs e.g. ephedrine, amphetamines. c) Hospitalisation. d) Neglect or owner abuse, abandonment. e) Physical or mental incompetence/ignorance of owner. 6) Exposure to cold and wind.

Answer 107

Animals lose weight when their energy intake is less than the amount they use every day. Some animals stray animals may suffer from parasitism and sometimes disease states, which combine to create a large energy deficit.

Answer 108

Very often weight loss is a result of feeding an unbalanced or inadequate diet, however other factors may also come to play. i.e. the diet may be perfectly balanced and adequate but offered in a competitive or distracting setting.

Answer 109

Homemade diets can be inadequate if they are not correctly balanced, which may lead to weight loss or failure to grow. Vegetarian diets in particular are difficult to balance because plant based ingredients like potatoes; rice and oatmeal have fewer calories than animal source ingredients, such as meat, cheese, and eggs. Another cause of weight loss is feeding a particular commercial diet e.g. a maintenance diet to puppies or vice-versa. 1) Patient History e.g. History of vomiting or diarrhoea, old thin dog etc.

Answer 110

Take care when taking a dietary history since owners may withhold information if they think their feeding regime will be seen to be inadequate. Ask about current diet as well as any changes. Who feeds the animal and how much is fed. Estimate energy expenditure according to animals status i.e. species, age, reproductive status. Clinical Examination to determine any possible underlying disease.

Answer 111

Observation and palpation of the patient i.e. body condition score is used to assess the status of the animal.

Answer 112

Simple starvation Weigh and calculate RER Feed at RER for first 24 hours Increase to MER gradually 2 days – 2 weeks Convalescence Medical disease, trauma or surgery Feed for RER in the first instance. Enteral or parenteral feeding may be required in a veterinary setting

Answer 113

Diarrhoea High fat content of the diet Initial weight gain is fat and water not protein Observe patient attitude and activity to gauge recovery Re-feeding Syndrome Hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia Sudden movement of potassium and phosphorus from the blood to cells.

Answer 114

a life threatening hypokalaemia and hypophasphataemia, also known as “refeeding syndrome”.

Answer 115

the mother is going to have to try and find extra nutrients to feed her foetuses. the dam cant get enough nutrients for her neither the foetuses

Answer 116

dystocia and very big foetuses

Answer 117

reduces stomach upsets might increase c sections

Answer 118

animal based protein which is the primary source. dogs 38% cats 32% energy denisty should be high restrict fibre levels but some carbs produce lactose during lactation which is important high palatable diet if constantly feeding, hunger will increase so by splitting out meals but more frequent suits their demands. omega 3 and 6 fatty acids should be balanced 5:10 for omega 6 and 3:1 for 3 if having multiple litters, problems with placenta, supplying foetal tissue can cause issues

Answer 119

do not increase feed intake until the 5th or 6th week of gestation (9 weeks is usual) provide several small meals per day during late gestation increase feed intake to 1.25 to 1.5 x maintenance by the end of gestation dams should gain no more than 15-25% of BW by the end of gestation damn should weigh 5-10% above normal BW after whelping

Answer 120

provide adequate calories to prevent excess weight loss provide clean fresh water on a free choice basis feed 2 -3 x maintenance during peak lactation provide free choice feeding or several small meals per day during peak lactation slowly reduce dams intake after fourth week pf lactation

Answer 121

fat to provide optimal essential fatty acids- aracadonic acid and taurine weight gain depends on no. of kittens she is carrying, 40% is lost after parcturition 60% is lost after lactation

Answer 122

gradually increase food intake from the start of wk 2 of the pregnancy until she gives birth by the time she gives birth, she should be consuming 25-50% more food feed ad lib BUT monitor weight gain feed ad lib during lactation ensure fresh clean water is available at all times

Answer 123

puppies and kittens should start eating solids at 3-4wks of age gradual weaning should start at 5wks of age and ideally be complete by 7-9wks of age feeding should be gradually reduced once weaning begins and it may be necessary to limit access of the pups/kittens to the mother to reduce milk production mothers condition wil dictate when the maintenance diet can be re-introduced

Answer 124

not if the diet is nutritionally important supplementation with calcium can induce eclampsia