diseases 🦠 Flashcards

Question

diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 1

History and clinical signs ACTH stimulation test –blood at 0 and 1hrs, inj with ACTH after first blood sample – Why would we use this test? Low dose dexamethasone suppression test – blood at 0,4 and 8hrs, inj of dexamethasone iv after first b/s – this test distinguishes the types of cushings, it can tell us if the pituitary gland is at fault or adrenal gland urine cortisol:creatinine ratio (UCCR) Endogenous ACTH Often diagnosis requires combination of tests – see recommended resources Imaging

Answer 2

Overactive tissue in pituitary or adrenal gland leads to increased production of cortisol (2 different aetiologies) High levels of cortisol lead to hyperglycaemia and inhibit ADH – leading to PUPD High cortisol also causes protein catabolism leading to muscle wasting and poor wound healing Cortisol affects hair growth and distribution of fat

Answer 3

Polyuria Polydipsia Weight loss Alopecia (flanks) Pot bellied- weakness of abdominal muscles due to excess cortisol and this causes fat redisposition large liver due to the same above Hepatomegaly Muscle weakness Panting Thinning of the skin

Answer 4

reduced or absence of ability to form tears Immune mediated Breed predisposition eg. Cocker spaniel, Shih Tzu, YT, Lhasa Apso, Bulldog breeds (particularly English bulldog) Protruberant eye breeds Secondary to some endocrine conditions/drug toxicity

Answer 5

overproduction of mucus to keep cornea moist immune mediated or caused by drug toxicity, trauma or surgery variation in the degree of severity Reduced activity in the lacrimal glands leads to inadequate formation of the aqueous tear film As adequate tear film is essential for corneal health absence of, or reduced tear film leads to corneal drying and inflammation

Answer 6

vascularization ulceration opacity of the cornea recurrent conjunctivitis mucoid or mucopurulent discharge on and around eye Mucoid/mucopurulent conjunctivitis Any dog with sticky discharge in the medial canthus should have a test for KCS Neovascularisation of cornea Clouding of cornea dull/dry appearance This condition is painful and left untreated can lead to blindness!

Answer 7

schirmer test to show tear production History and clinical signs should lead to suspicion of this disease Fluorescein to rule in/out ulceration of the cornea After Schirmer tear test – fluorescein will alter results of schirmer Schirmer tear test – definitive test, tear production should be more than 15mm per minute

Answer 8

Neoplasia affecting the histiocytes (mast cells) Certain breeds predisposed eg. Beagles, Boxer, Golden Ret. Are differing grades of tumour from benign to highly malignant Around 20% of skin tumours in dogs MCT is the most common skin tumour in dogs, usually a single lesion, very variable in appearance

Answer 9

Mast cells undergo malignant transformation, behaviour varies between grades Degranulation of mast cells in the tumour can lead to systemic signs Often skin tumours Occasionally found in GIT, spleen, bone marrow Graded I-III according to how well differentiated cells are – grade III has poorest prognosis.

Answer 10

The great pretender – appearance is very varied! Usually found on the skin surface Benign or low grade may be small slow growing masses in the skin Higher grade masses/histamine release assoc. with swelling, inflammation, ulceration Some can occur in the subcutaneous layer Systemic signs of degranulation may include GI ulceration, vomiting, melaena, anaemia, perforated ulcer – these are rare, may occur in animals with large number of MCT

Answer 11

FNA – fine needle aspirate of mass and examine cells yielded under microscope, this is a reliable method to diagnose this condition, simple to perform and relatively inexpensive, Incisional – part or parts of mass removed for sampling, can be done under sedation depending on technique but the mass is not removed, this is used to help grading and planning of surgery Excisional – remove mass and send off, margins of 2-3cm advised Higher grade tumours, faster mitotic rate, Imaging – detection of mets by either radiography or CT/MRI

Answer 12

Degeneration of the AV valves – Cause is unknown. Hereditary component. Common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Rare in Cats

Answer 13

Valvular tissue degenerates, becoming thickened and develops lesions. Valves cannot close properly Allows regurgitation of blood from the ventricles back to the atria. Eventually leads to cardiac enlargement and output failure.

Answer 14

Murmur Exercise intolerance Coughing – Normally morning or at night. Ascites Dyspnoea Later – Weight loss/anorexia.

Answer 15

Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry can show abnormalities. Blood cultures can help identify the bacteria causing the infection. Chest X-rays: Can show an enlarged heart or signs of heart failure. Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the heart's electrical activity and can show an irregular heartbeat. Echocardiogram: An ultrasound of the heart that can help identify the affected valve and the extent of damage. Infectious disease testing: Can help identify the specific pathogen causing the infection. pro BNP to see if heart is under pressure heart rate/ pulse/ measure resting rr, are they normal?

Answer 16

affects 1 in 5 dogs/cats. most common cause of lamenes. develops from an underlying deformity or trauma hip dysplasia, elbow displasia, or Osteochondritis dissecans will lead to OA due to abnormal wear on joint surfaces

Answer 17

characterised by degeneration of articular cartilage often associated with the formation of new bone at joint surface may have a gradual onset, but may also occur acutely. (Osteoarthritis can be a primary disease of joint cartilage, but is more often secondary to abnormal stresses on joints) slowly progressive but can have a rapid onset chronic and progressive

Answer 18

stiffness/ lameness (worse after rest) - less common in cats reluctant to jump or climb reduced range of movement of affected joint +/- swelling alteration to gait muscle atrophy In affected limbs may affect appetite and personality/ behaviour dependent on severity

Answer 19

history and examination findings (swelling and crepitus evident on exam) radiography of joints and contralateral joint arthroscopy to visualise cartilage and lesions and synovial fluid CT/MRI synovial fluid analysis

Answer 20

Infection Parasites Trauma Allergy Neoplasia

Answer 21

Irritation/self trauma leads to tissue hyperplasia, inflammation and excess production of wax Any obstruction of the ear canal may lead to accumulation of cerumen, discharge and predispose to infection

Answer 22

Head shaking, ear scratching, self trauma Pain Inflammation Thick, waxy or purulent discharge Foul, yeasty smell Thickening of ear lining

Answer 23

History and clinical signs Observation and aural examination Otoscope exam Swabs taken for culture and sensitivity

Answer 24

Primary malignant neoplasm of bone tissue Large breeds most commonly affected Middle aged-older dogs

Answer 25

Osteocytes undergo malignant transformation leading to formation of swelling or bony growth and destruction of bone architecture damage to bone tissue may lead to weakening of bone and pathological fracture Commonly metastatic spread occurs to the lungs Usually found in metaphysis of long bones

Answer 26

Lameness – due to pain/deformity of limb, swelling of bone/lump in bone – due to infiltration of neoplastic tissue, fracture – pathological fracture due to weakening of bone, coughing – may be seen due to secondary spread, weight loss

Answer 27

Radiography – visualize affected limb and allow evaluation of lung fields, may require sed/GA, does not provide definitive diagnosis but may be used where funds/patient preclude biopsy as an option Bone biopsy where sample of tissue taken from affected area - invasive, provides definitive diagnosis however very invasive and painful CT/MRI – as per radiography, associated with greater cost but full body scan possible more sensitive detection of mets

Answer 28

virus belongs to the parvovirus group CPV-2. it commonly affects weaned puppies who have lost their mda between 8-12wks or adults who arent not vaccinated

Answer 29

the virus has an affinity for rapid dividing cells in the gut wall and lymphoid tissue. the virus will multiply in the SI crypt lining cells which leads to the destruction of the lining and the inability to absorb nutrients. in severe cases the bacteria will invade from the gut to the bloodstream due to a compromise of the SI. The virus will suppress the immune system and cause leucopaenia

Answer 30

depression, anorexia, severe vomiting, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, pyrexia, severe weight loss, dehydration, shock

Answer 31

clinical signs and history faecal ELISA test faecal PCR SNAP test serum antibody

Answer 32

Bacterial infection of uterus, often involving EColi Common in unspayed older bitches who have had several seasons but can be seen in younger animals (may have history of hormone therapy for mismating/heat suppression) Pyometra is less common in the cat as they are induced ovulators, it can be observed in rabbits and guinea pigs too.

Answer 33

Cystic changes in the uterus and bacterial infection occuring during the oestrus phase Open cervix allows entry of bacteria into uterus Large accumulation of pus due to immune response of phagocytes – open or closed Bacterial toxins enter bloodstream – septicaemia/toxaemia (which can be fatal)

Answer 34

vomiting polyuria polydipsia weakness lethargy mucopurulent vaginal discharge abdominal pain shock

Answer 35

History (6/8 weeks post season) and clinical signs – discharge and evidence of enlarged abdomen Radiography of abdomen – may indicate presence of enlarged uterus Ultrasound – confirm presence of distended uterus, visualise fluid/pus and uterine lining Bloods – haematology – leucocyte counts may indicate infection

Answer 36

idiopathic cystitis is most common, urolithiasis (stones), crystals (urethral plug), infection - rare, multi-cat household, stress, underactive, overweight, neutered cat

Answer 37

irratation/ inflammation of the bladder wall/ urethra (FIC). may get recurrent bouts of cystitis OR uroliths or urethral plugs may cause urinary obstruction- complete obstruction is an emergency. trauma/ iatrogenic damage may result in blader wall dysfunction or rupture of the urinary tract. inability to void urine leads to azotaemia and signs associated with acute renal failure

Answer 38

cyctitis, pollakuria, dysuria, haematuria- due to irritation to bladder wall, stones as well pain, blockage causes oligura and anuria. incontinence, varying frequency/ volume, abnormal micturition (weak, interrupted), licking external genitalia- due to pain depression- due to pain vomiting- due to azotemia anorexia, dehydration

Answer 39

history and clinical signs physical xamination observation of micturition neurological examination where indicated urinalysis- visual appearance, dipstick, microscopy, culture, specific gravity radiography ultrasound- dont need to sedate possibly haematology/ biochemistry

Answer 40

malformation of C vertebrae leading to spinal compression Is complex, parimarily genetic component (particularly Dobermann, Great Dane) Nutritional factors may play a role (protein, calcium and phosphorous)

Answer 41

Narrowing of the cervical vertebral canal due to developmental abnormalities of vertebrae (young dogs) , degenerative changes can occur in older dogs leading to narrowing of the canal Narrowed canal impinges upon the spinal cord causing compression and the resulting neurological deficit

Answer 42

All 4 Pelvic limbs weak More pronounced in hind limbs May scuff nails Inco-ordinated gait >> ataxia Look wobby Neck pain May lead to paralysis 2 engine gait

Answer 43

History and clinical signs may lead to suspicion particularly in affected breeds Physical examination - full neurological exam to narrow down where the spinal cord is affected. Radiography, myelography CSF analysis may be required MRI is diagnostic as It can show you the narrowing of the spinal cord. myelogram- shows the spinal cord knuckle test

Answer 44

idiopathic toxaemia from lead, copper, onion, paracetamol, some drugs, incompatible blood transfusions, mycoplasma, hemofelis, babesia canine, vaccinations. cocker spaniels are breed disposed

Answer 45

it destroys RBC by using the animals own immune system, or parasites/toxins will reduce the number of RBC volume. bone marrow then produces regenerative anaemia, releasing immature cells. spherocytes will be seen in the circulation. RBC breakdown products will be metabolised to bilirubin causing jaundice

Answer 46

collapse pale m fever weakness

Answer 47

clinical signs blood tests diagnostic imaging

Answer 48

idiopathic may be related to genetic biochemical defects rare in dogs under 15kg and some cats are affected long silent phase where the animal may be suffering from the disease but show no CS

Answer 49

progressive thinning of the myocardium which imapirs the efficiency of the heart contraction. atria becomes enlarged and the heart wall stretches becoming ballooned. the AV valves stretch leading to regurgitation of blood. there may be abnormalities in the HR and rhythm. eventually falling c02 leads to signs of congestive heart failure.

Answer 50

depression anorexia exercise intolerance due to AV valves stretching cough- fluid from the lungs dyspnoea- due to enlargement of heart which causes pressure in thorax syncope (fainting) - due to abnormal rhythm in the heart being slow murmur- due to regurg of blood sudden death

Answer 51

history and CS thoracic auscultation- listen for murmur chest radiographs show enlarged heart ECG- detect for arrhythmia bp measurements as will be very low echo cardiography haematology and biochemistry pro BNP blood test

Answer 52

Commonly observed in toy breeds especially Yorkshire Terriers , obese small breeds Exact causes unclear but thought to be a combination of genetic, nutritional and/or allergic triggers

Answer 53

Incomplete formation or weakening of c-shaped tracheal cartilages lead to inability to maintain patency of trachea During inspiration the cervical portion of the trachea collapses leading to airway obstruction during expiration the thoracic portion of the trachea collapses

Answer 54

Cough at exercise ‘goose honk’ Progressive signs of resp distress that may be paroxysmal (may be other disease eg. Heart disease, other respiratory disease, cushings)

Answer 55

Endoscopy (bronchoscopy) of trachea (graded according to severity) Fluoroscopy – video x-ray for real time diagnosis Chest radiography – less reliable as sole means Signs are suggestive in affected breeds

Answer 56

Not completely understood Large breed dogs, deep chested dogs commonly effected. Great Danes, Weimaraner's, St Bernard and English Setters . Some increased incidence if relatives have had GDV. Fed once daily or history of recent large meal. Exercise immediately before or after feeding. (Possible associated with dry food)

Answer 57

Stomach dilates and rotates into a twisted position where upon gas cannot escape. Distension of the stomach fills the abdominal cavity putting pressure on the caudal vena cava and disrupting venous return to the heart. Pressure on diaphragm may compromise breathing leading to poor ventilation and damage to body tissues. Necrosis of gastric wall/splenic tissue can occur due to disruption of blood supply to these areas. URGENT EMERGENCY CONDITION – can lead to hypovolaemic/endotoxaemic shock and respiratory compromise.

Answer 58

Restlessness Retching Anterior abdominal swelling* Dyspnoea Collapse Shock Death *note that in very large breeds swelling of the stomach may not be obvious as the stomach lies under the ribs

Answer 59

History and clinical signs in predisposed breed (Tympany of abdomen) Radiography needed to confirm existence of bloat and may be suggestive or torsion. (Nature and extent confirmed at surgery) Is a true emergency!!

Answer 60

Atrophy of exocrine pancreatic cells caused by spontaneous atrophy or secondary to pancreatitis/trauma May be inherited. German shepherd and rough collie predisposed.

Answer 61

Inadequate production of digestive enzymes due to atrophy of pancreatic exocrine cells. Animal unable to digest foodstuffs fully leading to high volume faeces containing undigested material. Malabsorption leads to weight loss and increased appetite.

Answer 62

loose stools weight loss polyphagia digestive tract issues vomiting anorexia

Answer 63

History and clinical signs. Faecal examination. Blood test; Serum Trypsin-like immunoreactivity – looking for low levels to confirm disease. blood tests faecel tests vitamin B12 tests- if low animal has EPI

Answer 64

more common in dogs, mid to old age Larger breeds such as Labrador, Golden Retriever more commonly affected . Most cases are idiopathic Some may be due to nerve damage due to trauma or neoplasia or iatrogenic damage! Some present as part of a wider nervous system dysfunction – polyneuropathy In some dogs hypothyroidism is associated with this condition less commonly congenital cases have been recorded,

Answer 65

damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (s) that supply the muscles of the larynx that move the vocal cords This leads to functional failure of the vocal folds to open fully during inspiration (arytenoid cartilages do not abduct fully) Inspiration becomes difficult as the vocal folds remain in a closed position leading to dyspnoea

Answer 66

A slow onset disease that may present acutely particularly in hot weather/ after exertion Initially a cough that progresses to.. Increased inspiratory noise – stridor (roar/whistle) Exercise intolerance May be change in voice Problems swallowing food/water May present as acute collapse and respiratory distress!

Answer 67

May be suspected based on presenting signs and findings on neuro exam ie older dog of large breed Examination of the larynx should be performed under sedation using a laryngoscope or endoscope to visualise the vocal folds during inspiration Full neurological exam to establish if polyneuropathy is present Bloods should be run to rule out other metabolic conditions such as hypothyroidism

Answer 68

Often idiopathic though may be linked to: High fat diet Some drugs e.g. corticosteroids May occur secondary to trauma or certain toxins Acute pancreatitis – dogs Chronic pancreatitis – cats (cholangiohepatitis/ Irritable Bowel Disease) (may lead to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency or Diabetes Mellitus)

Answer 69

Pancreatic enzymes are activated prematurely within the pancreas or are unable to exit into the duodenum. The presence of these enzymes within pancreatic tissue results in auto-digestion of the pancreatic tissue. This process causes inflammation and necrosis of the pancreas.

Answer 70

Acute Anterior abdominal pain – ‘praying position’ Vomiting Depression Anorexia Shock pyrexia Dehydration Chronic More vague and variable

Answer 71

History and clinical signs Physical examination Spec cPL dogs, spec fPL cats – blood tests to measure serum pancreatic lipase which indicates pancreatic damage. Trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI), amylase, lipase blood tests – less specific particularly in cats Radiography – may be vague changes Ultrasound – look at pancreatic tissue Biopsy – if suspect neoplasia underlying Haematology

Answer 72

Most commonly acquired heart disease in cats. Can be idiopathic/genetic especially in Maine Coon. Often secondary to hyperthyroidism.

Answer 73

Progressive thickening of the ventricular muscle. Enlarged heart, with thickened walls (opposite of dilated cardiomyopathy) Chambers become narrowed reducing chamber volume. Reduced cardiac output, backpressure and atrial enlargement results. Signs of heart failure may only be seen in advanced stages of disease.

Answer 74

May have a murmur or gallop rhythm. Lethargy Depression Anorexia Leading to heart failure Dyspnoea Tachypnoea Occurs mainly in cats as a result of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 75

cardiac ultrasound- echo to visualise the heart and show movement of blood and show thickening of the walls. ascultate the heart to grade murmur- aded 1-6 for murmur Grade 1 – quieter than the normal heart beat (barely audible) Grade 2 – same volume as the normal heart beat Grade 3 – louder than normal heart beat but not accompanied by a thrill Grade 4 – louder and accompanied by a palpable thrill Grade 5 – loud enough to hear with stethoscope partially off the chest wall, plus palpable thrill Grade 6 – audible without a stethoscope