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nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what do photoautrophic organism do?

A

use light energy to convert simple inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules

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2
Q

what do chemoautrophs do?

A

use energy derived from oxidation to convert simple inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules

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3
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

consume complex organic food material

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4
Q

what do holozoic feeders do?

A

ingestion, digestion, egestion
intracellular digestion
food taken into body
specialised digestive system

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5
Q

what do saprophytes do?

A

feed on dead or decaying matter
no specialised digestive system
extracellular digestion

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6
Q

what happens during fungal feeding?

A

fungi secretes enzyme onto food from growing tip of hyphae
enzymes diffuse out of cell walls onto surface if food and digest the food into soluble products
products are then absorbed through cell wall

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7
Q

how do unicellular organisms obtain nutrients?

A

e.g. amoeba
obtain nutrients by diffusion/facilitated diffusion/active transport across cell surface membrane
take in larger molecules by endocytosis
excrete indigestable material by exocytosis

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8
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

produces HCl

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9
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter muscle do?

A

controls amount of food leaving the stomach

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10
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

receives juices from the gall bladder and pancreas

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11
Q

what does the ileum do?

A

where most of digested for is absorbed

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12
Q

what does the colon do?

A

where most of the water is absorbed

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13
Q

what does the rectum do?

A

stores faeces for several hours

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14
Q

what happens in digestion?

A

large organic molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules
polymers converted to monomers

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15
Q

what is ingestion?

A

large food particles taken through the mouth into the body

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16
Q

what is absorption?

A

small soluble molecules move through gut wall

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17
Q

what is egestion?

A

elimination of waste/undigested food

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18
Q

what are the walls of the human gut made of?

A

serosa
circular muscles
longitudinal muscles
submucosa
mucosa
lumen

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19
Q

what does the serosa do in the human gut wall?

A

layer of tough connective tissue
protects gut from friction

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20
Q

what do the muscle layers do in the human gut wall?

A

muscle contractions and smooth involuntary muscles

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21
Q

what does the submucosa do in the human gut wall?

A

contains blood vessels which takes absorbed food away
nerve fibres to coordinate muscle contractions

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22
Q

what does the mucosa do in the human gut wall?

A

secretes mucus which lubricates the passage of food to prevent damage

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23
Q

what are the large glands?

A

salivary glands
liver
pancreas

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24
Q

what are the the glands in the mucosa?

A

glands in stomach wall secrete gastric juice
glands in villus in small intestine secrete enzymes

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25
what is physical digestion?
crushing action of teeth action of stomach action of muscle layers in gut wall
26
what happens in the buccal cavity (digestion)?
salivary amylase converts starch and glycogen to maltose and smaller polysaccharides
27
what happens in the oesphagus (digestion)?
mucus lubricates passage down as food is swallowed muscle contractions propel food along gut
28
what happens in the stomach (digestion)?
gastric juice secreted mucus secreted from goblet cells to protect stomach wall from acid and enzymes oxyntic cells secret hydrochloric acid (to e.g. kill bacteria)
29
what happens in the small intestine - duodenum (digestion)?
liver secretes bile (to emulsify lipids and neutralise stomach acid) pancreas secretes pancreatic juices in duodenum carbs or proteins are digested enzymes, maltase, sucrase, lactase disaccharides absorbed into epithelial cells of villi
30
what does maltose break down into?
glucose + glucose
31
what does sucrose break down into?
glucose + fructose
32
what does galactose break down into?
glucose + galactose
33
what happens in the small intestine - ileum (digestion)?
amino acids are absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport then into capillaries by facilitated diffusion glucose passes into epithelial cells by co-transport with Na+ mineral are taken up into blood by diffusion fatty acids + glycerol diffuse into E cells
34
how is the ileum adapted for its job?
long large SA lining is folded and has villi with epithelial cells with projections called microvilli
35
what are the uses of glucose?
aerobic respiration glycogen or fat for storage
36
what are the uses of amino acids?
protein synthesis then deaminated in liver and converted into urea
37
what are the uses of lipids?
used to produce phospholipids in cell membrane excess stored as fat
38
what are the 4 sections in the large intestine?
caecum appendix colon rectum
39
why are herbivore guts longer than carnivore guts?
plant material needs more time to be broken down due to cellulose more space is required to accommodate bulkier plant material
40
what is a ruminant?
grazing animal that can digest cellulose they regurgitate fermented cud/ingesta and chew it again to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion
41
what are the 4 stomach compartments in a ruminant animal IN ORDER?
rumen reticulum omasum abomasum
42
what are mutualistic bacteria?
breaks down cellulose by secreting cellulase
43
what are the products of anaerobic fermentation?
beta glucose lots of short chain fatty acids (volatile) CO2 CH4
44
what happens in the rumen?
contains mutualistic micro-organisms which ferment cellulose
45
what happens in the reticulum?
catches dense heavy feed for later regurgitation prevents indigestible objects from entering stomach contracts for regurgitation
46
what happens in the omasum?
food is churned about allowing further bacterial fermentation absorbs water and volatile fatty acids
47
what happens in the abomasum?
secretes HCl and enzymes for chemical digestion to... -dissolve minerals - kill bacteria from rumen -break down proteins
48
what is special about rabbits digestive system?
have cellulase-secreting bacteria in caecum in large intestine however most of food is absorbed in small intestine so must reingest food (faeces) to absorb nutrients
49
what are carnivores teeth designed for?
for gripping prey cutting and tearing meat off bones
50
what are the shape of incisors?
small sharp chisel-shaped
51
what are the shape of canines?
long large pointed
52
what are the carnassial teeth?
last upper premolar first lower molar
53
what are the shape of premolars and molars?
straight pointed cusps
54
what is a diastema?
space in sheeps mouth with no teeth
55
what do incisors do in carnivores?
used to strip flesh off bones to cut lumps of meat up
56
what do canines in carnivores do?
used to impale, grip and kill prey tear flesh
57
what do carnassial teeth do in carnivores?
fit together work together like scissors to slice flesh and cut bones
58
what are premolars and molars used for in carnivores?
used for cutting and tearing meat
59
what is the jaw of carnivores like?
lower jaw can only move vertically very powerful jaw muscles
60
what do incisors do in herbiviores?
bite against horny pad enables vegetation to be snipped off
61
what are herbivores teeth designed for?
cutting off grass and grinding grass to smash cellulose cell walls
62
what does the diastema do in herbivores?
allows manipulation of food by tongue allows animals to fill up that space with extra grass
63
what do premolars and molars do in herbivores?
effective grinding surface strengthened by cement
64
what do molars do in herbivores?
grind tough plant material (interlock)
65
what is the jaw like in herbivores?
fairly free movement horizontal and circular grinding movement
66
where are proteins broken down?
stomach duodenum ileum
67
where are carbohydrates broken down (starch)?
buccal cavity duodenum ileum
68
where are lipids broken down?
duodenum
69
what does HCl do in the stomach?
optimum pH kills bacteria
70
what happens to proteins in the stomach?
broken down into small polypeptides by pepsin (a peptidase)
71
what is pepsin?
a peptidase
72
what is the inactive version of pepsin?
pepsinogen
73
how do you active pepsinogen?
by H+ ions
74
how are proteins broken down in the duodenum?
endopeptidases (trypsin) exopeptidases which hydrolyse polypeptides into dipeptides
75
what is an endopeptidase?
trypsin
76
what is trypsin activated by?
trypsinogen
77
what happens to starch in the duodenum?
remaining starch turned into maltose by amylase
78
what happens to lipids in the duodenum?
triglycerides turn into monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
79
what happens to proteins in the ileum?
endo/exopeptidases turn polypeptides into dipeptides dipeptidases turn dipeptides into amino acids
80
what happens to disaccharides in the ileum?
disaccharides are broken down by carbohydrases in the cell membrane of epithelial cells
81
how are amino acids absorbed?
into epithelial cells by active transport into capillaries by facilitated diffusion
82
how is glucose absorbed?
into epithelial cells by co-transport into capillaries by facilitated diffusion
83
how are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed?
into epithelial cells by diffusion reassembled into triglycerides pass into lacteals in villi go into lymphatic system

bio component 3 (12 decks)

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