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nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do photoautrophic organism do?

A

use light energy to convert simple inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules

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2
Q

what do chemoautrophs do?

A

use energy derived from oxidation to convert simple inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules

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3
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

consume complex organic food material

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4
Q

what do holozoic feeders do?

A

ingestion, digestion, egestion
intracellular digestion
food taken into body
specialised digestive system

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5
Q

what do saprophytes do?

A

feed on dead or decaying matter
no specialised digestive system
extracellular digestion

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6
Q

what happens during fungal feeding?

A

fungi secretes enzyme onto food from growing tip of hyphae
enzymes diffuse out of cell walls onto surface if food and digest the food into soluble products
products are then absorbed through cell wall

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7
Q

how do unicellular organisms obtain nutrients?

A

e.g. amoeba
obtain nutrients by diffusion/facilitated diffusion/active transport across cell surface membrane
take in larger molecules by endocytosis
excrete indigestable material by exocytosis

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8
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

produces HCl

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9
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter muscle do?

A

controls amount of food leaving the stomach

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10
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

receives juices from the gall bladder and pancreas

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11
Q

what does the ileum do?

A

where most of digested for is absorbed

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12
Q

what does the colon do?

A

where most of the water is absorbed

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13
Q

what does the rectum do?

A

stores faeces for several hours

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14
Q

what happens in digestion?

A

large organic molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules
polymers converted to monomers

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15
Q

what is ingestion?

A

large food particles taken through the mouth into the body

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16
Q

what is absorption?

A

small soluble molecules move through gut wall

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17
Q

what is egestion?

A

elimination of waste/undigested food

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18
Q

what are the walls of the human gut made of?

A

serosa
circular muscles
longitudinal muscles
submucosa
mucosa
lumen

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19
Q

what does the serosa do in the human gut wall?

A

layer of tough connective tissue
protects gut from friction

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20
Q

what do the muscle layers do in the human gut wall?

A

muscle contractions and smooth involuntary muscles

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21
Q

what does the submucosa do in the human gut wall?

A

contains blood vessels which takes absorbed food away
nerve fibres to coordinate muscle contractions

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22
Q

what does the mucosa do in the human gut wall?

A

secretes mucus which lubricates the passage of food to prevent damage

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23
Q

what are the large glands?

A

salivary glands
liver
pancreas

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24
Q

what are the the glands in the mucosa?

A

glands in stomach wall secrete gastric juice
glands in villus in small intestine secrete enzymes

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25
Q

what is physical digestion?

A

crushing action of teeth
action of stomach
action of muscle layers in gut wall

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26
Q

what happens in the buccal cavity (digestion)?

A

salivary amylase converts starch and glycogen to maltose and smaller polysaccharides

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27
Q

what happens in the oesphagus (digestion)?

A

mucus lubricates passage down as food is swallowed
muscle contractions propel food along gut

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28
Q

what happens in the stomach (digestion)?

A

gastric juice secreted
mucus secreted from goblet cells to protect stomach wall from acid and enzymes
oxyntic cells secret hydrochloric acid (to e.g. kill bacteria)

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29
Q

what happens in the small intestine - duodenum (digestion)?

A

liver secretes bile (to emulsify lipids and neutralise stomach acid)
pancreas secretes pancreatic juices
in duodenum carbs or proteins are digested
enzymes, maltase, sucrase, lactase
disaccharides absorbed into epithelial cells of villi

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30
Q

what does maltose break down into?

A

glucose + glucose

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31
Q

what does sucrose break down into?

A

glucose + fructose

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32
Q

what does galactose break down into?

A

glucose + galactose

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33
Q

what happens in the small intestine - ileum (digestion)?

A

amino acids are absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport then into capillaries by facilitated diffusion
glucose passes into epithelial cells by co-transport with Na+
mineral are taken up into blood by diffusion
fatty acids + glycerol diffuse into E cells

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34
Q

how is the ileum adapted for its job?

A

long
large SA
lining is folded and has villi with epithelial cells with projections called microvilli

35
Q

what are the uses of glucose?

A

aerobic respiration
glycogen or fat for storage

36
Q

what are the uses of amino acids?

A

protein synthesis
then deaminated in liver and converted into urea

37
Q

what are the uses of lipids?

A

used to produce phospholipids in cell membrane
excess stored as fat

38
Q

what are the 4 sections in the large intestine?

A

caecum
appendix
colon
rectum

39
Q

why are herbivore guts longer than carnivore guts?

A

plant material needs more time to be broken down due to cellulose
more space is required to accommodate bulkier plant material

40
Q

what is a ruminant?

A

grazing animal that can digest cellulose
they regurgitate fermented cud/ingesta and chew it again to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion

41
Q

what are the 4 stomach compartments in a ruminant animal IN ORDER?

A

rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum

42
Q

what are mutualistic bacteria?

A

breaks down cellulose by secreting cellulase

43
Q

what are the products of anaerobic fermentation?

A

beta glucose
lots of short chain fatty acids (volatile)
CO2
CH4

44
Q

what happens in the rumen?

A

contains mutualistic micro-organisms which ferment cellulose

45
Q

what happens in the reticulum?

A

catches dense heavy feed for later regurgitation
prevents indigestible objects from entering stomach
contracts for regurgitation

46
Q

what happens in the omasum?

A

food is churned about allowing further bacterial fermentation
absorbs water and volatile fatty acids

47
Q

what happens in the abomasum?

A

secretes HCl and enzymes for chemical digestion to…
-dissolve minerals
- kill bacteria from rumen
-break down proteins

48
Q

what is special about rabbits digestive system?

A

have cellulase-secreting bacteria in caecum in large intestine
however most of food is absorbed in small intestine
so must reingest food (faeces) to absorb nutrients

49
Q

what are carnivores teeth designed for?

A

for gripping prey
cutting and tearing meat off bones

50
Q

what are the shape of incisors?

A

small
sharp
chisel-shaped

51
Q

what are the shape of canines?

A

long
large
pointed

52
Q

what are the carnassial teeth?

A

last upper premolar
first lower molar

53
Q

what are the shape of premolars and molars?

A

straight pointed cusps

54
Q

what is a diastema?

A

space in sheeps mouth with no teeth

55
Q

what do incisors do in carnivores?

A

used to strip flesh off bones
to cut lumps of meat up

56
Q

what do canines in carnivores do?

A

used to impale, grip and kill prey
tear flesh

57
Q

what do carnassial teeth do in carnivores?

A

fit together
work together like scissors to slice flesh and cut bones

58
Q

what are premolars and molars used for in carnivores?

A

used for cutting and tearing meat

59
Q

what is the jaw of carnivores like?

A

lower jaw can only move vertically
very powerful jaw muscles

60
Q

what do incisors do in herbiviores?

A

bite against horny pad
enables vegetation to be snipped off

61
Q

what are herbivores teeth designed for?

A

cutting off grass and grinding grass to smash cellulose cell walls

62
Q

what does the diastema do in herbivores?

A

allows manipulation of food by tongue
allows animals to fill up that space with extra grass

63
Q

what do premolars and molars do in herbivores?

A

effective grinding surface
strengthened by cement

64
Q

what do molars do in herbivores?

A

grind tough plant material
(interlock)

65
Q

what is the jaw like in herbivores?

A

fairly free movement
horizontal and circular grinding movement

66
Q

where are proteins broken down?

A

stomach
duodenum
ileum

67
Q

where are carbohydrates broken down (starch)?

A

buccal cavity
duodenum
ileum

68
Q

where are lipids broken down?

A

duodenum

69
Q

what does HCl do in the stomach?

A

optimum pH
kills bacteria

70
Q

what happens to proteins in the stomach?

A

broken down into small polypeptides by pepsin (a peptidase)

71
Q

what is pepsin?

A

a peptidase

72
Q

what is the inactive version of pepsin?

A

pepsinogen

73
Q

how do you active pepsinogen?

A

by H+ ions

74
Q

how are proteins broken down in the duodenum?

A

endopeptidases (trypsin)
exopeptidases which hydrolyse polypeptides into dipeptides

75
Q

what is an endopeptidase?

A

trypsin

76
Q

what is trypsin activated by?

A

trypsinogen

77
Q

what happens to starch in the duodenum?

A

remaining starch turned into maltose by amylase

78
Q

what happens to lipids in the duodenum?

A

triglycerides turn into monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol by lipase

79
Q

what happens to proteins in the ileum?

A

endo/exopeptidases turn polypeptides into dipeptides
dipeptidases turn dipeptides into amino acids

80
Q

what happens to disaccharides in the ileum?

A

disaccharides are broken down by carbohydrases in the cell membrane of epithelial cells

81
Q

how are amino acids absorbed?

A

into epithelial cells by active transport
into capillaries by facilitated diffusion

82
Q

how is glucose absorbed?

A

into epithelial cells by co-transport
into capillaries by facilitated diffusion

83
Q

how are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed?

A

into epithelial cells by diffusion
reassembled into triglycerides
pass into lacteals in villi
go into lymphatic system

bio component 3 (12 decks)

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