Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio component 3 > blood + blood vessels > Flashcards

blood + blood vessels Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of blood?

A

transport medium
distributes heat
buffer
defence
provides pressure for some organs functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what dissolved substances are in plasma?

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
hormones
plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the structure of arteries/arterioles?

A

thick layer of elastic muscle fibres
narrow lumen
smooth lining layer
connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the properties of arteries/arterioles?

A

narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
thick walls to resist high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does elastic tissues do in arteries/arterioles?

A

stretch to accommodate surge of blood
recoil to maintain pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the smooth endothelium do in arteries/arterioles?

A

reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the structure of veins/venules?

A

wide lumen
thin muscle and elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the properties of veins/venules?

A

thinner walls as blood pressure reduced
wider lumen to decrease friction
valves to prevent backflow
outer layer of collagen to resist stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the structure of a capillary?

A

wall made of single layer of cells
no elastic tissue
small lumen
small gaps to allow solutes and ions to leak out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the flow of blood like in a capillary?

A

slow as small lumen causes friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does low speed of blood flow benefit the capillaries?

A

enhances ability to exchange materials with surrounding tissues by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the structure of a general blood vessel?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa
lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

made of collagen
helps with high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the tunic media?

A

smooth muscle
elastic tissue for stretch and recoil for blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the tunic intima?

A

single layer of endothelial cells
smooth and flat to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pressure like in arteries/arterioles (systemic circulation)?

A

pressure maintained due to elastic fibres
blood at high pressure as just pumped out of left ventricle
fluctuations due to contractions and relaxation of left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the pressure like in capillaries (systemic circulation)?

A

lower pressure as further away from the heart
greater total cross sectional area which pressure can be spread over
pressure drops further as loss of fluid from blood to tissues

18
Q

what is the pressure like in veins/venules (systemic circulation)?

A

some residue pressure left from the heart
contraction of skeletal muscles aids in returning blood to the heart

19
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

bathes all cells
plasma without plasma proteins and RBCs
formed by leakage from capillaries

20
Q

what does tissue fluid do?

A

transports oxygen and nutrients from blood to cell

21
Q

what happens at arteriole end of capillary (tissue fluid)?

A

hydrostatic pressure is high
water potential of blood is lower than tissues so water moves into blood
hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure so net movement of fluid out of blood into tissue fluid
tissue fluid high in oxygen and nutrients (from diffusion)

22
Q

what do cells do with oxygen and nutrients?

A

aerobic respiration to e.g. make new proteins
ensure a concentration gradient

23
Q

what happens at venous end of capillary (tissue fluid)?

A

hydrostatic pressure is low due to loss of fluid to capillary
water potential of blood is lower than tissue fluid (due to retention of large plasma proteins) so water enters blood
osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic so net movement of fluid into capillary (contains waste)

24
Q

what is lymph?

A

remaining tissue fluid removed by drainage into the lymphatic system
(10%)

25
Q

how is lymph different to tissue fluid?

A

more carbon dioxide
less oxygen and nutrients

26
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

produce lymphocytes which intercept bacteria and viruses

27
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

complex protein at quaternary structure
4 polypeptide chains (each contain a haem group)

28
Q

what does haemoglobin do?

A

oxygen binds with Hb in lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin
oxygen unbinds with Hb in respiring tissues

29
Q

what does the ability of Hb to take up and release oxygen depend on?

A

partial pressure of oxygen
(like concentration)

30
Q

what is cooperative binding (Hb)?

A

1st oxygen molecule binds with one haem group and changes shape of Hb molecule
2nd oxygen molecule attaches and changes shape
3rd molecule attaches but doesn’t change shape
4th molecule only if there is a large increase in ppO2

31
Q

why is cooperative binding hard for oyxgen molecules and Hb?

A

haem groups are in the centre of haemoglobin so difficult for oxygen to bind to them (especially if small diffusion gradient)

32
Q

why does the oxygen dissociation curve never reach 100% saturation?

A

because 4th oxygen molecule cannot bind

33
Q

what happens at low partial pressure on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

haemoglobin does not easily bind with oxygen
Hb has a low affinity for oxygen
Hb releases/dissociates oxygen in tissues with low oxygen levels

34
Q

what happens at high partial pressure on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Hb binds with oxygen easily to form oxyheamoglobin in tissues with high oxygen levels
Hb has a high affinity for oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin does not release its oxygen

35
Q

what happens when the bohr shift occurs?

A

concentration of CO2 increases
haemoglobin releases more 02
curve shifts to the right

36
Q

why does foetal Hb shift to the left on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Hb has slightly different structure to adult Hb
has greater affinity for oxygen than mothers at same partial pressure of oxygen

37
Q

what are the properties of myoglobin?

A

much higher affinity for oxygen than Hb
more saturated at any partial pressure
oxyhaemoglobin does not dissociate unless partial pressure is low

38
Q

where is carbon dioxide in the body?

A

5% dissolved in plasma
10% combined with Hb
85% transported in form of hydrogen carbonate ions

39
Q

what happens in carbon dioxide transport (simple)?

A

CO2 diffuses into RBC
CO2 + H20 -> H2C03 (carbonic acid) by carbonic anhydrase catalyst
carbonic acid is unstable
dissociates into H+ ions and HCO3- ions (hydrogen carbonate ions)
THE CHLORIDE SHIFT - chloride ions diffuse into cell to maintain correct charge
H+ ions lower pH and effect enzyme activity
Hb comes to the rescue
Hb acts as buffer by binding to H+ forming haemoglobinic acid (HHb)
H+ ions have a higher affinity for Hb than oxygen so oxygen is pushed off into tissue fluid to dissolve into cells

40
Q

how does the bohr shift and carbon dioxide transport relate?

A

H+ ions cause Hb to be less saturated with oxygen than normal at a specific partial pressure
graph shifts to the right

bio component 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions