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kidneys Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do plants create nitrogenous waste (simple)?

A

uptake nitrates and ammonium from soil by facilitated diffusion and active transport

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2
Q

how do animals create nitrogenous waste (simple)?

A

eat proteins and amino acids
excess amino acids are deaminated in liver, converted into other molecules and excreted

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3
Q

what is deamination?

A

removal of amino group to leave ammonia and pyruvic acid

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4
Q

what are the properties of ammonia?

A

small molecule
very toxic
very soluble

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5
Q

how do invertebrates release nitrogenous waste?

A

diffuse ammonia out across whole body surface

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6
Q

how do fish release nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia lost across epithelium of gills

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7
Q

what are the properties of uric acid?

A

almost insoluble in water
non-toxic

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8
Q

who excretes uric acid as their waste?

A

birds, insects, some reptiles

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9
Q

why do most terrestrial animals convert ammonia to urea?

A

urea can be transported much more concentrated than ammonia as it is less toxic
does not need as much water to excrete

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10
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a relatively constant environment for the cells within the body

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11
Q

what does homeostasis do?

A

helps maintain optimal conditions for cellular reactions
gives organisms independence from environment

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12
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

as a factor moves away from ideal/norm, a set of processes moves it back towards normal again

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13
Q

what are hormones?

A

molecules that are released by endocrine glands directly into blood that travel to a target organ to produce an effect

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14
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A

filter the blood to remove nitrogenous metabolic waste to produce urine
homeostatic function of osmoregulation

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15
Q

what is the renal cortex made of?

A

bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
PCT and DCT

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16
Q

what is the renal medulla made of?

A

loops of Henle
collecting ducts

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17
Q

what is in the renal pelvis?

A

ureter

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18
Q

what is a nephron?

A

an individual blood-filtering unit

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19
Q

which arteriole is thicker?

A

the afferent arteriole

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20
Q

what is the vasa recta?

A

capillary network surrounding nephron
blood in vasa recta delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells of the nephron
carries water and ions reabsorbed from kidney

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21
Q

what is ultrafiltrartion?

A

filtration of small molecules from blood plasma to lumen of Bowman’s capsule under pressure

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22
Q

where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

what does the glomerulus contain?

A

afferent arteriole
capillaries
efferent arteriole

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24
Q

how is high filtration pressure produced in the glomerulus?

A

high hydrostatic blood pressure in renal artery
difference in diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole

25
Q

what are the 3 layers that the filtrate passes through in ultrafiltration?

A

wall of capillaries
basement membrane
wall of Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

what is in the wall of capillaries that allows the filtrate through?

A

pores called fenestrae

27
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

layer of proteins
acts as a sieve

28
Q

what is the wall of Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

squamos epithelial cells
podocytes

29
Q

what are podocytes?

A

they have extensions called pedicalls with large gaps (filtration slits)

30
Q

what happens at the basement membrane?

A

molecules in blood with RMM<30000 can cross
large plasma proteins and RBC’s cannot pass

31
Q

what does glomerular filtrate contain?

A

water
urea
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
salts

32
Q

where does selective reabsorption occur?

A

in the proximal convoluted tube

33
Q

what happens in selective reabsorption?

A

all of glucose and amino acids and most of water and ions are re-absorbed from filtrate back into blood

34
Q

how does selective reabsorption occur for glucose?

A
  • Na+/K+ pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in by active transport
  • co-transport of 2 Na+ and glucose by facilitated diffusion through channel protein into PCT lumen
  • channel protein allows glucose to enter tissue fluid in lumen
  • glucose and Na+ move into the blood by facilitated diffusion
35
Q

what are the adaptions of the PCT for selective reabsorption?

A

microvilli for large surface area
close to capillaries to reduce diffusion pathway
tight junctions between cells to prevent molecules from diffusing between adjacent cells
many mitochondria as ATP is needed for active transport of glucose and ions

36
Q

how is water reabsorbed at the PCT?

A

moves freely out of filtrate into blood by osmosis
90% reabsorbed

37
Q

how much urea is reabsorbed at the PCT?

A

50%

38
Q

what happens at the loop of Henle?

A

countercurrent flow
conserves water
actively concentrates salts in tissue fluid in the medulla

39
Q

what are the properties of the descending limb?

A

permeable to water
relatively impermeable to Na+ and Cl- ions

40
Q

what are the properties of the ascending limb?

A

impermeable to water
permeable to Na+ and Cl-

41
Q

what moves in and out of the loop of Henle?

A

Na+ and Cl- are actively pumped out of the ascending limb
water potential in the tissue fluid in the medulla decreases
water moves out along gradient at the descending limb
water moves into blood in vasa recta
at the bottom filtrate is at highest concentration

42
Q

where does osmoregulation take place?

A

distal convoluted tube
collecting duct

43
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

homeostatic control of water and solute composition of the blood
(negative feedback)

44
Q

what happens in osmoregulation (one example)?

A

osomoreceptors in hypothalamus detect decrease in water potential of blood plasma
posterior lobe of pituitary gland releases ADH
cells of collecting duct and DCT become more permeable to water
more water is reabsorbed from collecting duct into blood
small volume of concentrated urine is produced

45
Q

how can the cells of the collecting duct and DCT become more permeable to water during osmoregulation?

A

due to aquaporins fusing with the cell membrane

46
Q

how does ADH work?

A

binds to membrane receptors
secondary messages travel through cytoplasm to cause the vesicles containing aquaporins to fuse with the membrane

47
Q

why are kidney diseases bad?

A

cause urea to build up which is toxic

48
Q

what are the main causes of kidney diseases?

A

high blood pressure
infection
injury
diabetes

49
Q

what are the treatments for kidney diseases?

A

low protein diet
drugs (e.g. to reduce blood pressure)
dialysis
kidney transplant

50
Q

what is dialysis?

A

process of removing nitrogenous and excess water from the blood

51
Q

what are the two types of dialysis?

A

haemodialysis
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

52
Q

how does haemodialysis work?

A

dialysis machine
separates blood to be cleaned and a dialysis fluid with a selectively permeable membrane

53
Q

what are the steps of haemodialysis?

A

blood taken from artery in arm passes through narrow fibres (tubes) that have a selectively permeable membrane
fibres are surrounded by dialysis fluid
pores in tubes allow small molecules to pass through
blood and dialysis fluid pass in a counter-current flow
blood is returned to vein

54
Q

why is heparin given to patients when undergoing haemodialysis?

A

to prevent the blood from clotting

55
Q

what are the properties of the dialysis fluid?

A

same water potential as the blood
low ion concentration
no urea

56
Q

what diffuses in and out during haemodialysis?

A

ions and urea diffuse out of the blood down a gradient
water flows down by osmosis
no glucose diffuses out of blood

57
Q

how does continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis work?

A

catheter inserted into abdominal cavity
dialysis fluid is passed into cavity
ions and urea from blood in capillaries pass into dialysis fluid
after 40 mins, fluid is drained by gravity

58
Q

why are kidney transplants better from living people?

A

work immediately
last longer

bio component 3 (12 decks)

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