nutrition Flashcards
what are essential nutrients
nutrients that you get from your diet and things you drink, your liver cannot make them
these are vital for life
what are non essential nutrients
these are also vital for life but the liver can make the nutrients
ex: glucose, cholesterol
what is the source, function, and dietary requirements for carbohydrates
source: plants, starches, and sugars (veggies, whole grains, rice, pasta , bread)
function: acts as a primary energy source
dietary requirements:
-intake is 45-65% of total calories
-should be mostly of complex carbs and simple carbs should be limited
-avoid foods with high amounts of added sugars
what is the source, function, and dietary requirements of lipids
source: triglycerides from saturated and unsaturated fats that come from animal products (dairy, meat, nuts, oils)
function: provide energy storage
dietary requirements:
- intake is 20-35% of total calories (keep intake as low as possible in individuals with high cholesterol and cardio diseases)
-saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of fat intake
-cholesterol is not required in diet bc the liver makes 85% of it
what is the source, function, and dietary requirements of proteins
source: the 20 amino acids, 9 being essential that is needed to get from eggs, dairy products, meat, seafood
function: acts as a building block for tissues and some serve to help with enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc.
dietary requirements:
-needs differ on age, sex, metabolic rate, and nitrogen balance
-intake should be about 0.8g/kg of body weight
-if protein synthesis is less than protein breakdown then there is a negative nitrogen balance
-if protein synthesis is more than protein breakdown then there is positive nitrogen balance
what are coenzymes and what vitamins are considered coenzymes
coenzymes are needed to work with enzymes to have their full function
vitamin b1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12
what is the function of vitamin c
used in collagen synthesis (bone, cartilage) and is also an antioxidant
what is the function of vitamin a
maintains epithelial tissue, acts as an antioxidant, and is a component to visual pigments
what is the function of vitamin d
helps with absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
what is the function of vitamin e
is an antioxidant that helps prevent damage to cell membranes
what is the function of vitamin k
is important for blood clotting
what is the function of calcium
used for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and nerve/muscle function
what is the function of phosphorus
used for bone and tooth formation, acid base balancing, and nucleotide synthesis
what is the function of sulfur
contains components of certain amino acids
what is the function of potassium
used for nerve function and acid base balancing
what is the function of chlorine
forms gastric juice, nerve functions, and acid/base and osmosis balance
what is the function of sodium
used for water balance, blood pressure, and nerve function
what is the function of magnesium
used for atp bionergetics
what is the function of iron
is a component of hemoglobin and uses electrons to carry energy for metabolism
what is the function of zinc
is a component of digestive enzymes and proteins
what is the function of copper
used in iron metabolism, melanin synthesis, and electron transport
what is the function of manganese
is an enzyme cofactor
what is the function of iodine
component of thyroid hormones
what is the function of selenium
is an antioxidant for enzymes
what is metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism
-metabolism is the total of all biochemical reactions inside a cell that involves nutrients
-anabolism is the creation of large molecules from small ones
-catabolism is the breakdown of complex structures into simple ones
what are the net amounts of atp made in each step of carb metabolism as well as the overall net and gross atp
step 1: glycolysis gives net of 2 atp
step 2: citric acid cycle gives net of 2 atp
step 3: electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation gives net of 28 atp
overall: net atp is 30, gross atp is 32
what is glycolysis
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
what is glycogenesis
polymerize glucose to form glycogen
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose monomers
what is gluconeogenesis
the formation of glucose from non carbohydrates
what is lipolysis
the breakdown of stores fats into into glycerol and fatty acids
what is lipogenesis
glycerol and fatty acids being stored as triglycerides (lipids) because of high glucose and atp levels
what happens to glycerol and fatty acids during lipid metabolism and what is the atp yields for both
glycerol: goes into glycolysis receiving 12 atp and pyruvic acid that will be converted into acetyl CoA
fatty acids: get converted into acetyl CoA that is used in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to get 130 atp
what is the net atp yield for lipid metabolism
142 atp yield
what is ketosis and how does it occur
ketosis is the accumulated amount of ketones in the blood and liver that can occur from a high lipid diet
what is ketoacidosis and how does it occur
ketoacidosis is when there is a way above normal amount of ketones in the liver and blood dropping the pH significantly
this usually occurs from starvation bad diets, and type 2 diabetes
what is transamination
amine group is switched from an amino acid to a keto acid, creating a new amino acid
what is oxidative deamination
the amine group of an amino acid is removed as ammonia and is combined with CO2 to make urea
what is keto acid modification
keto acids formed during transamination are altered so they can enter the citric acid cycle
what factors decided whether an amino acid is used as an energy source or to build proteins
all or none rule: if all amino acids are present then do protein synthesis, if not use for energy
adequacy or caloric intake: if there is enough carbs or lipids do protein synthesis, if not use for energy
hormonal controls: anabolic hormones will be used for protein synthesis and glucocorticoids are used for energy
what order does the body use macromolecules to build atp
carbs are used first, then lipids (fats), then proteins
what is the absorptive state, when does it occur, what are its basic events, and what is its endocrine regulator
-it is the absorption of nutrients
-occurs when anabolism exceeds catabolism
-lasts for 4 hours and stores excess fats
-its regulator is insulin that is signaled when there is high levels of blood glucose and amino acids and parasympathetic stimulation
what is the post absorptive state, when does it occur, what are its basic events, and what is its endocrine/sympathetic regulators
-it is when blood glucose levels drop and needs to be maintained
-occurs when catabolism exceeds anabolism
-it maintains glucose by using fat for energy, saving it for organs that need it most, and releasing it in the blood
-regulators is the hormone glucagon and the activation of the adipose tissue and liver to start lipolysis, glucogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
what are chylomicrons and what is its destination
-Is a lipoprotein consisting of lipids, proteins, and cholesterol
destination: carries lipids from small intestine to the liver
what are very low density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system
-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: transports lipids to the liver and adipose tissues
-deposits cholesterol into blood vessels (good if below 100mg bad if above 130mg)
what are low density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system
-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: carries cholesterol from liver to tissues
-deposits cholesterol into blood vessels (good if below 100mg bad if above 130mg)
what are high density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system
-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: carries cholesterol from tissues to liver
-takes cholesterol out of the blood (good if above than 60 mg bad if less than 40 mg)
what is the relationship between intake and expenditure in determining energy and body mass index
energy intake must be equal to total energy expenditure
if not equal there will be a negative energy balance creating weight loss or a positive one creating weight gain
