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a&p 2 > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are essential nutrients

A

nutrients that you get from your diet and things you drink, your liver cannot make them
these are vital for life

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2
Q

what are non essential nutrients

A

these are also vital for life but the liver can make the nutrients
ex: glucose, cholesterol

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3
Q

what is the source, function, and dietary requirements for carbohydrates

A

source: plants, starches, and sugars (veggies, whole grains, rice, pasta , bread)
function: acts as a primary energy source
dietary requirements:
-intake is 45-65% of total calories
-should be mostly of complex carbs and simple carbs should be limited
-avoid foods with high amounts of added sugars

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4
Q

what is the source, function, and dietary requirements of lipids

A

source: triglycerides from saturated and unsaturated fats that come from animal products (dairy, meat, nuts, oils)
function: provide energy storage
dietary requirements:
- intake is 20-35% of total calories (keep intake as low as possible in individuals with high cholesterol and cardio diseases)
-saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of fat intake
-cholesterol is not required in diet bc the liver makes 85% of it

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5
Q

what is the source, function, and dietary requirements of proteins

A

source: the 20 amino acids, 9 being essential that is needed to get from eggs, dairy products, meat, seafood
function: acts as a building block for tissues and some serve to help with enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc.
dietary requirements:
-needs differ on age, sex, metabolic rate, and nitrogen balance
-intake should be about 0.8g/kg of body weight
-if protein synthesis is less than protein breakdown then there is a negative nitrogen balance
-if protein synthesis is more than protein breakdown then there is positive nitrogen balance

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6
Q

what are coenzymes and what vitamins are considered coenzymes

A

coenzymes are needed to work with enzymes to have their full function
vitamin b1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12

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7
Q

what is the function of vitamin c

A

used in collagen synthesis (bone, cartilage) and is also an antioxidant

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8
Q

what is the function of vitamin a

A

maintains epithelial tissue, acts as an antioxidant, and is a component to visual pigments

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9
Q

what is the function of vitamin d

A

helps with absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus

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10
Q

what is the function of vitamin e

A

is an antioxidant that helps prevent damage to cell membranes

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11
Q

what is the function of vitamin k

A

is important for blood clotting

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12
Q

what is the function of calcium

A

used for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and nerve/muscle function

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13
Q

what is the function of phosphorus

A

used for bone and tooth formation, acid base balancing, and nucleotide synthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of sulfur

A

contains components of certain amino acids

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15
Q

what is the function of potassium

A

used for nerve function and acid base balancing

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16
Q

what is the function of chlorine

A

forms gastric juice, nerve functions, and acid/base and osmosis balance

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17
Q

what is the function of sodium

A

used for water balance, blood pressure, and nerve function

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18
Q

what is the function of magnesium

A

used for atp bionergetics

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19
Q

what is the function of iron

A

is a component of hemoglobin and uses electrons to carry energy for metabolism

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20
Q

what is the function of zinc

A

is a component of digestive enzymes and proteins

21
Q

what is the function of copper

A

used in iron metabolism, melanin synthesis, and electron transport

22
Q

what is the function of manganese

A

is an enzyme cofactor

23
Q

what is the function of iodine

A

component of thyroid hormones

24
Q

what is the function of selenium

A

is an antioxidant for enzymes

25
Q

what is metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism

A

-metabolism is the total of all biochemical reactions inside a cell that involves nutrients
-anabolism is the creation of large molecules from small ones
-catabolism is the breakdown of complex structures into simple ones

26
Q

what are the net amounts of atp made in each step of carb metabolism as well as the overall net and gross atp

A

step 1: glycolysis gives net of 2 atp
step 2: citric acid cycle gives net of 2 atp
step 3: electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation gives net of 28 atp
overall: net atp is 30, gross atp is 32

27
Q

what is glycolysis

A

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

28
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

polymerize glucose to form glycogen

29
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose monomers

30
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

the formation of glucose from non carbohydrates

31
Q

what is lipolysis

A

the breakdown of stores fats into into glycerol and fatty acids

32
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

glycerol and fatty acids being stored as triglycerides (lipids) because of high glucose and atp levels

33
Q

what happens to glycerol and fatty acids during lipid metabolism and what is the atp yields for both

A

glycerol: goes into glycolysis receiving 12 atp and pyruvic acid that will be converted into acetyl CoA
fatty acids: get converted into acetyl CoA that is used in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to get 130 atp

34
Q

what is the net atp yield for lipid metabolism

A

142 atp yield

35
Q

what is ketosis and how does it occur

A

ketosis is the accumulated amount of ketones in the blood and liver that can occur from a high lipid diet

36
Q

what is ketoacidosis and how does it occur

A

ketoacidosis is when there is a way above normal amount of ketones in the liver and blood dropping the pH significantly
this usually occurs from starvation bad diets, and type 2 diabetes

37
Q

what is transamination

A

amine group is switched from an amino acid to a keto acid, creating a new amino acid

38
Q

what is oxidative deamination

A

the amine group of an amino acid is removed as ammonia and is combined with CO2 to make urea

39
Q

what is keto acid modification

A

keto acids formed during transamination are altered so they can enter the citric acid cycle

40
Q

what factors decided whether an amino acid is used as an energy source or to build proteins

A

all or none rule: if all amino acids are present then do protein synthesis, if not use for energy
adequacy or caloric intake: if there is enough carbs or lipids do protein synthesis, if not use for energy
hormonal controls: anabolic hormones will be used for protein synthesis and glucocorticoids are used for energy

41
Q

what order does the body use macromolecules to build atp

A

carbs are used first, then lipids (fats), then proteins

42
Q

what is the absorptive state, when does it occur, what are its basic events, and what is its endocrine regulator

A

-it is the absorption of nutrients
-occurs when anabolism exceeds catabolism
-lasts for 4 hours and stores excess fats
-its regulator is insulin that is signaled when there is high levels of blood glucose and amino acids and parasympathetic stimulation

43
Q

what is the post absorptive state, when does it occur, what are its basic events, and what is its endocrine/sympathetic regulators

A

-it is when blood glucose levels drop and needs to be maintained
-occurs when catabolism exceeds anabolism
-it maintains glucose by using fat for energy, saving it for organs that need it most, and releasing it in the blood
-regulators is the hormone glucagon and the activation of the adipose tissue and liver to start lipolysis, glucogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

44
Q

what are chylomicrons and what is its destination

A

-Is a lipoprotein consisting of lipids, proteins, and cholesterol
destination: carries lipids from small intestine to the liver

45
Q

what are very low density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system

A

-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: transports lipids to the liver and adipose tissues
-deposits cholesterol into blood vessels (good if below 100mg bad if above 130mg)

46
Q

what are low density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system

A

-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: carries cholesterol from liver to tissues
-deposits cholesterol into blood vessels (good if below 100mg bad if above 130mg)

47
Q

what are high density lipoproteins what is its destination, and what is its effects on the cardiovascular system

A

-it transports cholesterol and lipids through the blood
destination: carries cholesterol from tissues to liver
-takes cholesterol out of the blood (good if above than 60 mg bad if less than 40 mg)

48
Q

what is the relationship between intake and expenditure in determining energy and body mass index

A

energy intake must be equal to total energy expenditure
if not equal there will be a negative energy balance creating weight loss or a positive one creating weight gain

a&p 2 (10 decks)

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