blood vessels

Question 1

what is the composition and function of tunica intima (interna) blood vessel layer

Answer 1

It is the inner lining made of edothelial cells and basement membrane for all blood vessels
its job is to reduce friction for blood flow

Question 2

what is the composition and function of tunica media

Answer 2

It is the middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue for arteries, arterioles, and veins/venules
Its job is to allow the blood vessel to constrict

Question 3

what is the composition and function of tunica adventitia (externa)

Answer 3

it is the outer layer made of collagen for arteries, arterioles, and veins/venules
Its job is to protect and anchor the blood vessels to surrounding structures

Question 4

what is the anatomical difference between arteries and veins

Answer 4

arteries are located deep within the body and have thick walls, veins are closer to the surface and have thin walls

Question 5

what are the functions of the arteries

Answer 5

• they transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues, with the exception of the pulmonary artery that transports deoxygenated
• elastic arteries (conducting) act as pressure reservoirs
• muscular arteries (distributing) contract and dilate for blood flow

Question 6

what are the functions of arterioles

Answer 6

• they push blood flow into the capillaries
• they are resistance vessels, meaning they can slow blood flow from their high resistance

Question 7

what are the functions of capillaries

Answer 7

• they transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen

Question 8

what are the location and functions of continuous capillaries

Answer 8

-location: muscles, skin, connective tissue, lungs, brain
-allow transport of h20, ions, and glucose
(have intracellular clefts to let things in)

Question 9

what are the locations and functions of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 9

-location: kidneys, small intestine, endocrine glands
-allow transport of h20, ions, glucose, other SMALL solutes
(have intracellular clefts to let things in)

Question 10

what are the locations and functions of sinusoid capillaries

Answer 10

-Location: bone marrow, spleen, liver
-allow transport of h20, ions, proteins, blood cells, small solutes
(have intracellular clefts to let things in)

Question 11

how does blood flow through capillary beds and what mechanisms are used to alter it

Answer 11

blood flow is controlled by the diameter of terminal arteriole, arteriole will be dilated when blood needed and constricted to shunt away blood when not needed
-metarterioles connect arterioles to capillaries
-precapillary sphincters are used to increase/decrease blood flow depending on the bodys needs

Question 12

what does vascular shunting do to get blood to the rest of the body and how is it done

Answer 12

blood will be diverted to active areas and diverted away from inactive areas, this is done by vasoconrtsiction and vasodilation
ex: sends blood to muscles and brain when working out

Question 13

what are the three ways capillary exchange is done and how do they work

Answer 13

This is exchange from blood to interstitial fluid
diffusion: exchanges things from high to low concentration, either through endothelial cells or clefts/fenestrations
transcytosis: exchanges larger substances that cannot diffuse through on their own (hormones, antibodies)
Bulkflow: large number of molecules move together at a fast rate, high pressure to low pressure

Question 14

what is the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in capillary beds

Answer 14

hydrostatic is pushing water in/out
osmotic is sucking proteins in/out

Question 15

what factors assist with blood being returned to the heart

Answer 15

-veins help to transport blood from tissues back to the heart
-skeletal muscle pump uses the skeletal muscles to push blood up by contracting
-respiratory pump pushes blood back to the heart by inhaling
-sympathetic venoconstriction helps by having smooth muscle constrict to push blood back up

Question 16

how does resistance, viscosity, and vessel length impact blood flow

Answer 16

high resistance = low blood flow
high viscosity =high resistance = low blood flow
high vessel length = high resistance = low blood flow

Question 17

how does blood vessel surface area impact velocity

Answer 17

high surface area will give low velocity of blood flow, this is good for the exchange of blood through capillaries
low surface area will give high velocity of blood flow

Question 18

how do pressure gradients impact blood flow

Answer 18

blood flows from high to low pressure
there is small flow when there is not a big difference (40) in pressure
there is large flow when there is a big difference (80) in pressure
there is equal flow when there is only a 20 difference in pressure
there is no flow when there is the same pressure on both sides

Question 19

how does vessel composition and compliance affect pressure in arteries in veins

Answer 19

veins have more compliance than arteries
high compliance when a large volume change causes a small pressure change
low compliance when a large volume change causes a large pressure change

Question 20

what is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 20

systolic = high
diastolic = low

Question 21

what is mean arterial pressure (MAP) and its factors

Answer 21

it is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
stroke volume, heart rate, and TPR increase MAP
MAP is low when blood goes away from the heart

Question 22

what happens in hyper tension

Answer 22

you have high blood pressure
this is persistent in obese people
heart attack or heart failure can happen

Question 23

what happens in hypo tension

Answer 23

you have low blood pressure
this usually happens with aging
shock (low oxygen, rapid breathing/pulse) can happen

Question 24

how do edemas form

Answer 24

from a abnormal increase of interstitial fluid

Question 25

if you have high plasma osmotic compared to interstitial do things leave/stay and is it neg/pos

Answer 25

it will be negative and things would stay

Question 26

if you have high plasma hydrostatic compared to interstitial do things leave/stay and is it neg/pos

Answer 26

it will be positive and things will leave