Nutrition Flashcards
what is nutrition
Study of food: how it affects the body and influences health
adequate nurtrition is
essential to wellness
DRI
Dietary reference intakes
DRI has replaced
RDA- Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The nutrients we ingest include
Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Water, vitamins, and minerals
Carbohydrates are
starches and sugars
Proteins are
amino acids
Fats are
Saturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated
Water
cells depend on a fluid environment
Vitamins are
Essential to metabolism, water or fat soluble
Minerals are
Catalysts for biochemical reactions
Nutrients are
Building blocks for cells and tissues
Supply energy
Help manufacture, maintain, and repair cells
Found in foods
Changed and used in the body through metabolism
Recommended carbs per meal
40G
where does the brain get all its energy
from Carbohydrates
carbohydrates are
Main source of energy in the diet
what are saccharides
simple and complex carbohydrates,
what is fiber
obtained primarily from plant foods, except for lactose
how many kcal do carbs produce
4 kcal/g
What are proteins essential for
Essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissue
the body cannot manufacture what?
essential proteins. They must be ingested
The body can synthesis which proteins
non-essential
amino acids are
Simplest form or protein
incomplete proteins are from
generally from plant
complete proteins are from
animal sources
proteins produce how many kcal
4 kcal/g
Lipids are AKA
Fats
lipids are the key components of
of lipoproteins
what is a back up energy source
Lipids
lipids do what in the body
Organ insulation/protection
lipids are the
—most nutrient dense food
how many Kcals does lipids produce
Produce 9 kcal/g
what are lipids composed of
Composed of triglycerides and fatty acids
LDL’s are
low density lipoproteins
HDL’s are
High Density Lipoproteins
which is better LDL or HDL
HDL
Saturated fats are generally from
animals
transfats have
added Hydrogen to keep shelf life
Micronutrients are
needed only in small amounts
what regulate body functions
vitamins and minerals
Vitamins are essential for
normal metabolism
the body is unable to do what with vitamins
synthesize so they must be supplied by diet
Fat soluble vitamins are
A,D,E, and K
water soluble vitamins are
C and B complex
vitamins in food
usually higher content in fresh foods that are exposed to minimum heat, air, or water.
fat soluble vitamins can be
toxic to body. Not easy to leave the body
fat soluble vitamins are stored
in the liver and adipose tissue
how do you get your fat soluble vitamins
All are provided through dietary intake, with the EXCEPTION of Vitamin D
megadoses of fat soluble vitamins
can result in hypervitaminosis
vitamin C and B complex contain
eight vitamins
how do you get your water soluble vitamins
Not stored in the body so must be taken in daily food intake.
can toxicity occur in water soluble vitamins
Toxicity may still occur if levels of vitamins in body exceed what is needed for catalytic demands
what are minerals
Inorganic elements essential as catalysts in biochemical reactions
when do you take in macrominerals
when daily requirement is >100mg
when do you take in microminerals or trace elements
when daily requirement is <100mg
what is selenium
is a trace element that is also an antioxidant
water makes up
up large percentage of body weight
water is
a solvent for chemical processes
what does water do in the body
transports substances, form for tissues, and maintains body temperature
percentage of water is greater
the leaner you are.
water makes up
60-70 % of body weight
who has the greatest percentage of body water and who has the least
infants have greatest and elderly have the least
how long can you survive without water
only a few days
energy in nutrients are measured in
calories
calories taken “in” must equal
the calories burned
undernourished means
Too few calories/nutrients
obesity is
Too many calories
what is metabolism
all the biochemical reactions within the cells of the body.
what are anabolic processes
building
what are catabolic processes
breaking down
anabolism/normal metabolism occur in
occur in +Nitrogen balance. (positive nitrogen balance)
Catabolism happens in
- nitrogen balance. (negative nitrogen balance)
Nutrients absorbed in the gut
converted into a number of substances that the body requires
what is BMR
basal metabolic Rate. This is the Amount of energy required at rest
what are the total energy needs
Replacing calories used for BMR + physical activity
what factors affect nutrition
Developmental stage
From infants to elders
Includes lactating women
Educational level
Knowledge of nutrition
Lifestyle choices
Dietary patterns
Vegetarianism
Dieting
Ethnicity/culture
Religious practices
Disease processes
Functional limitationsSaturated Fats
made up of carbon atoms. Every carbon atom is fully bonded. Its animal fat
Unsaturated Fats
Lighter and less dense….contains Mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated
monounsaturated
1 hydrogen atom on molecule
polyunsaturated
2 or more hydrogen atoms
overweight and obesity
Consuming nutrients In excess of metabolic demands
More than needed for activity, gender, height, and weight
overweight BMI
= body mass index >25 but <29.9
Obese BMI
body mass index >30
underweight/ undernutrition
Insufficient intake of protein, fat, vitamins, minerals
Consuming less calories than needed according to activity, gender, height, and weight
how do you screen for nutrtional problems
Obtain a diet history 24-hour recall Food frequency questionnaire Food record Subjective assessment Mini–nutritional assessment Nutrition screening initiative Body composition
how do you identify nutritional imbalance
complete physical exam
laboratory results
what you look for in complete physical exam
General survey Alterations in vital signs Poor skin turgor, wound healing Concave abdomen/ascites Change in muscle mass
what you look for in Laboratory results
Changes in blood glucose, serum albumin, creatinine, hemoglobin
examples of etiologies of undernutrition
Difficulty chewing/swallowing; alcoholism; metabolic disorders
examples of etiologies of overnutrition
Overeating; lack of exercise; endocrine problems
examples of nursing diagnosis
Constipation Diarrhea Imbalanced nutrition: less than/more than body requirements Feeding self-care deficit Ineffective management of therapeutic regimen, individuals Deficient fluid volumes Excess fluid volumes Risk of aspiration
examples of planning
Goals and outcomes Client’s daily nutritional intake meets the minimum DRIs Client loses ½ pound per week Setting priorities Continuity of care
total cholesterol (combined HDL and LDL) should be
200 or under
priorities for acute illness
: provide optimal perioperative nutrition
priorities for post operative
intake dependent upon return of bowel function, extent of surgical procedure, and presence of any complications
LDL
low density lipoproteins. Diets that are high in saturated fats. (high LDL number). adhere to arteries and cause blockages
LDL should be
under 100
HDL
high density Lipoproteins. Can remove cholesterol and the byproducts go into the liver and produce bile
HDL prevents
cardiac disease because its removing cholesterol
HDL should be
above 60
priorities for patients with throat/oral surgery
depends on ability to chew, pain, excision sites, presence of sutures, etc…
After controlling pain and comfort then can address plan to maintain nutrition without causing further problems
considerations for continuity of care
Extends beyond hospital setting
Discharge planning must consider nutritional needs
Patients may have tube feedings that need to be given
These can supplement the patient’s oral intake or they can take the place of oral intake.
Dietitian monitors patient’s nutritional status, and makes recommendations for changes.
If client needs TPN (total parenteral nutrition), the pharmacist is involved because pharmacist is the expert in drug-nutrient interactions.
Occupational therapists work with clients to identify and assist with devices needed to help the client regain function at things such as feeding themselves and preparing meals.
Speech therapist becomes involved with swallowing exercises and techniques if needed.
some interventions for obesity
Assist with calorie calculations and meal planning
Encourage exercise/lifestyle changes
Weigh weekly; suggest food diary
percentage of obese children
21-24%
Childhood Obesity idiopathic
90% of childrens obesity is unknown. Not genetic
Nutritional deprevation
Cognitive/behavioral changes Irritability, Anxiety Lassitude, Depression Inability to concentrate obsession with food
catabolism
glycogen from liver & muscle tissue is initial energy source instead of CHO’s
Glucogneogenesis
follows from protein synthesis
what happens when you have no protein reserves
body turns to skeletal muscle and organs
some interventions for undernutrition
Encourage client to seek counselingfor eating disorder management
Devise strategies to improve client’s appetite
Enteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Nasogastric, jejunal, gastric tubes
Insertion and verification of placement
Types and preparation of formulas
Complications
issues with Enteral nutrition
Aspiration into tracheobronchial tree
Irritates the bronchial mucosa which results in decreased blood supply to pulmonary tissue
Can lead to necrotizing infections, pneumonia, and formation of abscesses.
Most often results in ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome).
Parenteral Nutrition
Delivery of nutrition intravenously into a large central vein
Preferred method of feeding for clients who cannot be nourished through the GI tract
All PN catheters must have chest x-ray placement verified
PICC line
peripherally inserted central cath
TPN provides how much Nutrition
100%
TPN is always prepared by
a pharmacist
