nutrition Flashcards
function + sources
carbohydrates
- glucose = carbohydrate molecule used for body cell fuel (produces ATP)
- preffered energy source (1g carb = 4 kcal/g)
- promote normal fat metabolism (inadequate carbs affects metabolism)
- main fuel source - glucose for brain + skeletal muscles during exercises, promote RBC + leukocyte production + cell function
- provide fiber - cellulose in vegetables is not digested by humans (increases bulk of stool + defecation)
sources:
* milk
* grains
* fruits
* vegetables
45 - 65% of total calorie intake
function + sources
fats
- fat deposits = cushion around organs, insulating layer under skin, concentrated energy source
- phospholipids: important for myelin sheaths + cell membranes
- cholesterol = stabilizing component of plasma membranes, precursor for bile salts + steroid hormones
- prostoglandins: smooth muscle contract, control of BP + inflammation
- triglycerides = majory energy fuel of skeletal muscles + hepatocytes
- enhance fat-soluble vitamin absorption
- 9 kcal/g
sources:
* saturated fatty acids: solid at room temp (animal fat + tropical oils like coconut oil) - increase risk of CAD
* unsaturated fatty acids: soft/liquid at room temperature (seeds, nuts, olive oil, vegetable oils)
- omega-6 from plants/vegetables such as olive, canola, peanuts oils
- omega-3 from fish + shellfish
* monosaturated fatty acids: found in plants + animals, good for reducing cholesterol, glucose, systolic BP
* polyunsaturated fatty acids: from plant + fish oils
20 - 35% of calorie intake
function
protein
- made up of amino acids - essential for development of body tissues, required in diet (body cannot manufacture them)
- provide 4 kcal/g
- proteins build + repair body tissues, regulate fluid/acid-base balance, produce antibodies, provide energy, produce enzymes/hormones
- malnutrition = severe wasting of fat + muscle tissue from inadequate protein
sources:
* meat, fish, eggs
* lentils, beans, peas
* nuts, seeds
* soy
actions + sources
vitamin A
retinol
actions:
* growth + development (bones, teeth, epitheliial membranes)
* proper wound healing
* steroid biosynthesis
* pigment required for night vision
sources: dairy products, fish, liver, green or orange vegetables, fruits
deficiency = blindness, skin disorders, impaired immunity
excess = irritability, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision, liver/bone damage
fat-soluble
actions + sources
vitamin D
cholecalciferol
fat-soluble
action: increases calcium absorption in GI tract
pathway: cholecalciferol (inactive form) > converted to calcifediol after absorption/formation > metabolized by kidney enzymes to calcitriol (active form)
sources: fortified milk, fish oils, most cereals (vit D2), skin reaction to UV light (vit D3)
deficiency = rickets (bone deformity) in children, bone softening in adults
actions + sources
vitamin E
tocopherols
action: antioxidant - prevents formation of free radicals that damage cell membranes + structures
sources: vegetable oils, products made with vegetable oil (margarine, salad dressing), fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts (almonds, hazelnuts), seeds (sunflower seeds), fortified cereals
deficiency = degeneration of nervous system
fat-soluble
action + sources
vitamin K
action: cofactor in blood clotting
sources: K1 - green leady and cruciferous vegetables, turnip greens, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, certain vegetable oils (cotton seed oil, canola, olive)
K2 - synthesized by microbial flora in the colon
deficiency = defective blood clotting
fat-soluble
actions + sources
vitamin B1
thiamine
action: coenzyme - removes CO2 from organic compounds
sources: pork, nuts, whole grain cereals, legumes
deficiency = berberi (nerve disorder - tingling, poor coodrination, reduced heart function) usually from malnutrition secondary to chronic alcoholism
vitamin B2
riboflavin
action: coenzyme in metabolic reactions
sources: milk, lean meats, fish, grains
deficiency: skin lesions (cracks at side of mouth)
vitamin B3
niacin
action: coenzyme in metabolic reactions
sources: meats, poultry, fish, beans, peanuts, grains
deficiency: skin and GI lesions, nervous disorders
vitamin B6
pyridoxine
action: conenzyme in amino acid metabolism
sources: yeast, corn, meat, poultry, fish
deficiency: irritability, convulsions, muscular twitching, anemia
vitamin B9
folic acid
action: coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism
sources: green leafy vegetables, liver, beef, fish, legumes, grapefruit, oranges
deficiency: anemia, birth defects
vitamin B12
cobalamin
action: coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism, maturation of RBCs
sources: meat, liver
deficiency: anemia, nervous system disorders
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
action: coenzynme, antioxidant
sources: citrus fruits, tomotoes, broccoli, cabbage
deficiency: scurvy (degenertion of skin, teeth, blood vessels), weakness, delayed wound healing
increases iron absorption
lipid-soluble vs water-soluble vitamins
lipid-soluble
* absorbed in small intestine when ingested with dietary lipids
* can be stored in large amounts in liver/fatty tissue (adipose tissue)
* only need intermittent renewel, body can use stored vitamins with insufficient intake
* can accumulate to toxic levels when consumed in high amounts due to being stored + not readily excreted
water-soluble:
* absorbed with water in GI tract + readily dissolve in blood/body fluids
* must be replaced on a daily basis
* excess is excreted in urine, cannot be stored for later use
calcium
function: forms bone matrix, regulates nerve conduction + muscle contraction
sources: dairy products, tofu, green leafy veggies (broccoli, collards, kale, turnip greens, bok choy), salmon, sardines, almonds, brazil nuts, sundlower seeds, tahini, dried beans, blackstrap molasses
hypercalcemia = fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function, kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, bone pane, osteoporosis
hypocalcemia = increased neuromuscular excitability, tingling, muscle spasm, intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, convulsion + tetany, prolonged QT interval, cardiac arrest
chloride
function: major anion in body fluids, part of gastric acid secretion
sources: salt
iron
function: component of hemoglobin + some enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
sources: dried beans, dried fruits, egg yolks, iron fortified cereals, liver, meat (especially lean red meat, poulty), oysters, salmon, tuna, whole grains
magnesium
function: cofactor for many enzymes, normal nerve conduction + muscle contraction
sources: dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, peas, beans, seeds, soy products, whole grains, milk
hypermagnesia = skeletal smooth muscle contraction, excess nerve function, loss of deep tendon reflexes, nausea + vomiting, muscle weakness, hypotension, brasycardia, respiratory distress
hypomagnesia = behavioural changes, iriitability, muscles cramps, ataxia (no coordination), nystagmusm (rapid eye movements), tetany, convulsions, tachycardia, hypotension
phosphorus
function: forms bone matrix, part of ATP + nucleic acids
sources: seeds, whey, cheese, cornmeal, beans, nuts
hyperphosphatemia = prolonged causes calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, joints
hypophosphatemia = reduced capacity for oxygen transport by RBCs, leukocyte + platelet dysfunction, deranged nerve + muscle function, irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, repiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, born resorption
potassium
function: normal nerve conduction + muscle contraction, principle cation in intracellular fluid, essetial for acid-base + electrolyte balance
sources: all meats, fish, soy products, veggie burgers, vegetables (broccoli, peas, lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, winter squash), fruits (citrus, cantaloipe, bananas, kiwi, prunes, dried apricot), milk, yogurt, nuts
hyperkalemia: muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis, bradydysrhythmias, ventricular vibrillation, cardiac arrest
hypokalemia: skeletal muscles weakness, smooth muscle atony, carddiac dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance, impaired urine concentrating, respiratory arrest, constipation, intestenal distension, nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus
insulin lowers plasma potassium levels - stimulates Na-K ATPase pump to promote movement of potassium into liver + muscle cells
sodium
function: normal nerve conduction + muscle contraction, principle cation in extracellular fluid, essential for acid-base + electrolyte balance
sources: sodium chloride (table salt), milk, beets, celery, processed meats (bacon, sausage, ham), canned soups + veggies, processed baked goods, fast foods
hypernatremia = thirst, headache, weight loss, dry muscous membranes, elevated temp, suken fontanels (infants), prolonged cap refill, tachycardia, weak pulse, low BP, postural hypotension, confusion, coma
hyponatremia = weight gain, edema, ascites, jugular vein destension, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma, muscle twitching, depressed reflexes, nausea, vomitng
zinc
function: enzyme cofactor, needed for proper protein structure, normal growth, wound healing
sources: animal proteins (beef, pork, lam), nuts, whole grains, legumes, yeast)
deficiency = impaired imune response
copper
function: cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis
deficiency = impaired wound healing
diet types + indications
- clear liquid:
- initial feeding after bowel reset
- fluids + electrolytes to prevent dehydration
- feed a malnourished person/person who has not had orall intake for a while
- bowel prep for surgery or diagnostic tests
- gastroenteritis
- full liquid
- transition diet after clear liquids
- patients with diefficulty chewing, swallowing, tolerating solid foods
mechanical soft diet
- mechanically altered in texture for minimal chewing
- dental problems, head/neck surgery, dysphagia
soft diet
- difficulty chewing/swallowing
- ulcerations of mouth/gums, oral surgery, broken jaw, plastic surgery of head or neck, dysphagia, stroke
low fiber
- least likely to form obstruction in intestinal tract, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, other GI disorders
- white bread, refined cooked cereals, potato no skin, white rice, refined pasta
high fiber
- for constipation, IBS, asymptomatic divericular disease
- 20-35 g dietary fiber daily (fruits, veggies, whole-grain)
- limited gas forming foods (apples, beans, broccoli, nuts, wheat)
cardiac
- Dietery Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: prevent/control hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity
- for atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure
- restrict sodium, cholesterol, fat
high-cal high-pro
- for severe, stress, burns, wound healing, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, COPD, resp failure
carb-consistent
- for diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, obesity
sodium restricted (1500 mg/day)
- for hypertension, heart failure, renal disease, cardiac disease, liver disease
protein restricted
- for renal disease, end-stage liver disease
renal
- acute kidney injury, chronic kidney diease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis
potassium modified
- for hypoaldosteronism, addison’s disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor meds, immunosuppressive meds, potassium-sparing diuretics, chronic hyperkalemia
high calcium
- for bone growth + osteoporosis prevention, vascular contraction, vasodilation, muscle contration, nerve transmission
low-purine
- for gout, kidney stones, elevated uric acid
- restrict achovies, herring, mackerel, sardines, scallops, organ meets, gravies, wild game, goose, sweetbreads
lacto-ovo
- dairy + eggs, no meat
enteral nutrition
- liquefied foods to GI tract via tube
- for swallowing problems, burns, major trauma, liver/organ failure, sever malnutrition
