NUTRITION

Question 1

define indispensable nutrients

Answer 1

these are essential nutrients required for survival
-not produced by the body but need to be aquired
-the level of deficiency is indicated by the deficiency signs and symptoms

Question 2

dispensable nutrients

Answer 2

these are nutrients that are not required for survival ie non-essential
eg: some non essential amino acids
- alcohol
-food additives

Question 3

non essential but beneficial nutrients

Answer 3

1. fiber - beneficial in maintaining the intenstinal biome and microbiome and preventing constipation
2. fluoride -although too much can lead to fluorosis and too little can lead to prophylactic increases in dental caries

Question 4

conditionally essential nutrients

Answer 4

these are only essential in certain populations of people
eg: hyper catabolic individuals need more glutamine

Question 5

what are DRIs

Answer 5

dietary reference intakes
-these are the dietary recommendations/ values used

Question 6

1. EARs

Answer 6

-estimated average requirement
-this is the intake amount of a nutrient that meets the estimated needs of 50% of the population
- taken by age group and gender

Question 7

2. RDAs

Answer 7

recommended dietary allowance
-set by the EAR+ 2SD
-the intake amount of a nutrient that meets the estimated needs of 90% of the population

Question 8

3. AI

Answer 8

adequate intake
-used when there is not enough evidence to use EARs or RDAs

Question 9

4.UL

Answer 9

tolerable upper intake level
-maximum amount of a nutrient one can take with no adverse effects seen
-these are set to protect the most sensitive individuals

Question 10

NOAEL and LOAEL

Answer 10

no adverse effect level and lowest adverse effect level
-the LOAEL is the minimum intake amount of a nutrient at which adverse effects are seen

Question 11

define nutrigenomics

Answer 11

this is the interaction between a genome and the environment
ie; the impact that the environment(nutrients) has on gene expression

Question 12

define epigenetics

Answer 12

this is the reversible, heritable change in gene expression

Question 13

define nutrigenetics

Answer 13

this is the impact that a specific genome has on that persons nutritional needs
ie; gene x environment = phenotype

Question 14

what are the 2 types of diseases

Answer 14

1. monogenic - where 1 gene is involved in the disease
   2.polygenic -many genes are involved in the development of a disease

Question 15

what are the 2 types of diseases

Answer 15

1. monogenic - where 1 gene is involved in the disease
   2.polygenic -many genes are involved in the development of a disease

Question 16

why do we genetically screen individuals

Answer 16

1. for common risk alleles of common diseases
2. those at risk due to family history
   3.for the best treatment outcomes

Question 17

what are the 3 types of obesity

Answer 17

1. monogenic
   2.polygenic
   3.non syndromic

Question 18

monogenic obesity

Answer 18

where a mendelian syndromic disorder like prader willi syndrome is associated with obesity
ie; obesity is not the dominant feature but only clinical

Question 19

non syndromic obesity

Answer 19

-independent of the environment
-obesity is the dominant feature

Question 20

polygenic obesity

Answer 20

obesity is the dominant feature and is largely impacted by the environment
-most common type
-this shows how that putting a genetically susceptible individual into an obesity conducive environment can lead to obesity

Question 21

what are some of the ethical issues of nutrigenetics

Answer 21

1. need informed voluntary consent
2. unintentional findings
3. not accessible to all due to its cost

Question 22

what are some of the diseases that chronic inflammation is associated with

Answer 22

1. diabetes
2. cardiovascular disorder
3. arthritis
   4.cancer

Question 23

explain the differences between acute and chronic low grade inflammation

Answer 23

1. acute is immediate and chronic is delayed
   2.acute is short lived and chronic is not
2. acute is stimulated by damaged tissue or pathogens whereas chronic is stimulated by metabolic disturbance or chronic infections
3. acute can be resolved or lead to chronic whereas chronic leads to tissue damage
4. acute is local whereas chronic is systemic

Question 24

explain the process of inflammatory cell production from the hemocytoblast in bone marrow

Answer 24

differentiate into:
1. monoblast - into monocyte -macrophage
2.proerythroblast -erythrocyte
3.megakaryoblast -megakaryocyte- platelets
4.T and B progenitors -T and B lymphocytes
5. myeloblast- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
-all in the bone marrow and then differentiated cells will move to their respective tissue

Question 25

what could some of the origins of low grade chronic inflammation be

Answer 25

1. trauma
2. smoking
3. physical inactivity
4. pro inflammatory diets
5. genomics and epigenetics
6. lack of sleep and stress

Question 26

what are biomarkers

Answer 26

they indicate the level of inflammation present and are produced in the inflammatory process

Question 27

what is the inflammatory scoring system

Answer 27

-1 is anti inflammatory and +1 is pro inflammatory

Question 28

explain what mediterranean and DASH diets are

Answer 28

they are a type of anti-inflammatory diet
-with low amounts of red meat and chicken, sugars and processed foods
-high amounts of fish and legumes and fruit and veg
-moderate amounts of olive oil and alochol