NUTRITION Flashcards
define indispensable nutrients
these are essential nutrients required for survival
-not produced by the body but need to be aquired
-the level of deficiency is indicated by the deficiency signs and symptoms
dispensable nutrients
these are nutrients that are not required for survival ie non-essential
eg: some non essential amino acids
- alcohol
-food additives
non essential but beneficial nutrients
- fiber - beneficial in maintaining the intenstinal biome and microbiome and preventing constipation
- fluoride -although too much can lead to fluorosis and too little can lead to prophylactic increases in dental caries
conditionally essential nutrients
these are only essential in certain populations of people
eg: hyper catabolic individuals need more glutamine
what are DRIs
dietary reference intakes
-these are the dietary recommendations/ values used
- EARs
-estimated average requirement
-this is the intake amount of a nutrient that meets the estimated needs of 50% of the population
- taken by age group and gender
- RDAs
recommended dietary allowance
-set by the EAR+ 2SD
-the intake amount of a nutrient that meets the estimated needs of 90% of the population
- AI
adequate intake
-used when there is not enough evidence to use EARs or RDAs
4.UL
tolerable upper intake level
-maximum amount of a nutrient one can take with no adverse effects seen
-these are set to protect the most sensitive individuals
NOAEL and LOAEL
no adverse effect level and lowest adverse effect level
-the LOAEL is the minimum intake amount of a nutrient at which adverse effects are seen
define nutrigenomics
this is the interaction between a genome and the environment
ie; the impact that the environment(nutrients) has on gene expression
define epigenetics
this is the reversible, heritable change in gene expression
define nutrigenetics
this is the impact that a specific genome has on that persons nutritional needs
ie; gene x environment = phenotype
what are the 2 types of diseases
- monogenic - where 1 gene is involved in the disease
2.polygenic -many genes are involved in the development of a disease
what are the 2 types of diseases
- monogenic - where 1 gene is involved in the disease
2.polygenic -many genes are involved in the development of a disease
why do we genetically screen individuals
- for common risk alleles of common diseases
- those at risk due to family history
3.for the best treatment outcomes
what are the 3 types of obesity
- monogenic
2.polygenic
3.non syndromic
monogenic obesity
where a mendelian syndromic disorder like prader willi syndrome is associated with obesity
ie; obesity is not the dominant feature but only clinical
non syndromic obesity
-independent of the environment
-obesity is the dominant feature
polygenic obesity
obesity is the dominant feature and is largely impacted by the environment
-most common type
-this shows how that putting a genetically susceptible individual into an obesity conducive environment can lead to obesity
what are some of the ethical issues of nutrigenetics
- need informed voluntary consent
- unintentional findings
- not accessible to all due to its cost
what are some of the diseases that chronic inflammation is associated with
- diabetes
- cardiovascular disorder
- arthritis
4.cancer
explain the differences between acute and chronic low grade inflammation
- acute is immediate and chronic is delayed
2.acute is short lived and chronic is not - acute is stimulated by damaged tissue or pathogens whereas chronic is stimulated by metabolic disturbance or chronic infections
- acute can be resolved or lead to chronic whereas chronic leads to tissue damage
- acute is local whereas chronic is systemic
explain the process of inflammatory cell production from the hemocytoblast in bone marrow
differentiate into:
1. monoblast - into monocyte -macrophage
2.proerythroblast -erythrocyte
3.megakaryoblast -megakaryocyte- platelets
4.T and B progenitors -T and B lymphocytes
5. myeloblast- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
-all in the bone marrow and then differentiated cells will move to their respective tissue
what could some of the origins of low grade chronic inflammation be
- trauma
- smoking
- physical inactivity
- pro inflammatory diets
- genomics and epigenetics
- lack of sleep and stress
what are biomarkers
they indicate the level of inflammation present and are produced in the inflammatory process
what is the inflammatory scoring system
-1 is anti inflammatory and +1 is pro inflammatory
explain what mediterranean and DASH diets are
they are a type of anti-inflammatory diet
-with low amounts of red meat and chicken, sugars and processed foods
-high amounts of fish and legumes and fruit and veg
-moderate amounts of olive oil and alochol
