EXERCISE AND THE CVS

Question 1

what are important functions of the CVS in exercise

Answer 1

1. increased blood return to the lungs for oxygenation
2. supply working muscles with nutrients and oxygen
3. remove waste from working muscles
4. send blood to the skin; away from the core

Question 2

how does heart rate change with exercise

Answer 2

• maximum heart rate is 200-age
  -athletes have lower resting heart rates
  =bradycardia(24-40 b/min)
  -untrained sedentary men can experience increased resting heart rates to 100b/min
  =tachycardia
  -normal is 60-80b/min resting

Question 3

neural control for increased heart rate

Answer 3

the SNS released catecholamines, adrenaline which binds to B adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate( positive chronotropy) and increase contractility(positive introtropy)

Question 4

neural control for decreased heart rate

Answer 4

the SNS releases acetylcholine which binds to M2 receptors to stimulate decreased heart rate and decreased contractility

Question 5

stroke volume and exercise

Answer 5

seen to increase with exercise; especially in trained individuals

Question 6

cardiac output and exercise

Answer 6

CO(L/MIN)=SV(ML/BEAT)XHEART RATE(B/MIN)

Question 7

blood flow and exercise

Answer 7

increase in blood sent from the core to the skin for heart release but with high intensity exercise more blood is directed to the skeletal muscles(80-90%)

Question 8

blood changes with exercise

Answer 8

exercise increases blood pressure which causes a change in the intramuscular osmotic pressure
-so more water goes from the vascular to the interstitial space
- so decreased blood volume
-so concentration of haemoglobin increases

Question 9

type 1 diabetes vs type 2

Answer 9

type 1 is when the pancreas cannot produce insulin and so after a CHO meal the glucose cannot be removed from the blood
-insulin deficiency
-irreversible
-type 2 is due to insulin resistance where insulin cannot be utilized by the muscles
reversible

Question 10

risk factors for diabetes

Answer 10

1. obesity
2. genetic predisposition
3. environmental factors
4. hyperglycemia
5. insulin resistance

Question 11

endothelial dysfunction(remember this is implicated in atherosclerosis)

Answer 11

1. increase in endothelin-1 which causes vasoconstriction and hypertension
   2.increased AGEs that cause stiffness of the arterial wall and produce ROS
2. increased adhesion molecules so macrophages bind more

Question 12

impacts of diabetes on the cardiac structure

Answer 12

1. increased left ventricular mass
2. increased wall thickness
3. increased arterial thickness

Question 13

the impairment in diabetic individuals when exercising

Answer 13

1. lower lung capacity
2. lower heart rate variability
3. decreased cardiorespiratory fitness

Question 14

exercise and insulin sensitivity

Answer 14

-in type 2 diabetic individuals they can increase their insulin sensitivity using exercise as it does the following
1: increased translocation of GLUT4
2: decreases glycated haemoglobin
3:reduces inflammation

Question 15

exercise in a pill

Answer 15

-seen at delta PPAR agonist was injected into mice and saw they lasted 70% longer in exercise than the control group before they fatigued
-both groups fatigued due to depletion of glucose stores but PPAR showed to delay the depletion of these stores
-found that delta PPAR is supressing glycolytic gene