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Biochem-1stAid-b > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • A, D, E, K
  • Absorption dependent on gut (ileum) and pancreas
  • Toxicity more common than for water-soluble vits
  • Steatorrhea can cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies
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2
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A
  • B1 (thiamine: TPP)
  • B2 (riboflavin: DAF, FMN)
  • B3 (niacin: NAD+)
  • B5: (pantothenic acid: CoA)
  • B6: (pyridoxine: PLP)
  • B7: (biotin)
  • B9: (folate)
  • B12 (cobalamin), stored in liver
  • C: (ascorbic acid)
  • B-complex deficiencies tend to result in dermatitis, glositis, & diarrhea
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3
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A
  • Antioxidant, in visual pigments, in differentiation of epithelial cells, prevents squamous metplasia
  • Used to treat measles and AML subtype
  • Deficiency: night blindness, dry skin
  • Excess: arthalgias (joint pain), headaches, skin changes, sore throat, alopecia, cleft palate,
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4
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

A

-Cofactor for decarboxylation enzymes as TPP (PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-aa-dehydrogenase)

  • Deficiency: polyneuropathy, impaired glucose breakdown, motor dysfunction, ATP depletion, brain and heart affected
  • Wernicke-Korshakoff’s & Beriberi seen in alcoholics.
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5
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B2 (ribofavin)?

A
  • Cofactor in oxidation and reduction (FADH2)
  • FAD and FMN are derived from riboflavin
  • FAD/FMN: part of pyruvate dehydrogenase

-Deficiency: Cheilosis (inflammation of lips), and Corneal vascularization , photophobia, stomatosis

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6
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A
  • Constituent of NAD+ and NADP+
  • Acts as electron acceptor
  • Deficiency: glossitis (tongue inflammation), pellegra (dermatisitis, dementia, diarrhea)
  • Excess: facial flushing
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7
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B5 (pantothenate)?

A
  • Essential component of CoA & FA synthase

- Deficiency: dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

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8
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

A
  • Coverted to pyridoxal phosphate
  • Cofactor in transaminations, decarboxylations, glycogen phosphorylase, & synthesis of heme/niacin/histamine/serotonin/NE/Epi/GABA

-Deficiency: convulsions, hyperirritability, neuropathy, anemias, insomnia, diarrhea, skin irrritation

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9
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B7 (biotin)?

A
  • Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase)
  • AcetylCoA —> MalonylCoA
  • Deficiency (rare, by antibiotics or raw eggs): dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis
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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)?

A
  • Converted to THF, ac oenzyme for 1-C transfer/methylation reactions
  • Important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases

-Deficiency (most common): Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, no neurological symptoms, but can cause neural tube defects in fetus

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11
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

A
  • Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase
  • Regeneration of methionine and SAM
  • Large reserve pool in the liver, so malabsorption is the most common cause for a deficiency

-Deficiency: macrocytic, megalobalstic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, neurological symptoms due to abnormal myelin.

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12
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A

-Antioxidant, facilitates iron absorption, in collegen synthesis for hydroxylation of proline and lysine, cofactor of dopamine-B-hydroxylase to make NE

  • Deficiency: scurvy (swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing)
  • Excess: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, risk of iron toxicity, sleep problems
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13
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A
  • Antioxidant, protects RBCs and membranes

- Deficiency: hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, & demyelination in spinocerebellar tract

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14
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A
  • Catalyzes carboxylation of glutamic acid on various clotting proteins (factors II, VII, IX, X)
  • Synthesized by intestinal flora, and deficiency may arise after prolonged use of antibiotics

-Deficiency: Neonatal hemorrhage. In adults, due to coumadin therapy to prevent thrombosis.

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15
Q

What is the function of Zinc?

A
  • Essential for 100+ enzymes
  • Deficiency: delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, anosmia & dysgeusia (distorted ability to smell and taste), decreased adult hair
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16
Q

How is ethanol metabolized?

A
  1. Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (in cytosol, w/NAD+)
  2. Acetaldehyde is converted to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (in mitochondria w/NAD+)
    - Zero order kinetics, NAD+ is the limiting reagent
17
Q

What is ethanol hypoglycemia?

A
  • Ethanol metabolism increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio in liver
  • This causes diversion of pyruvate to lactate and OAA to malate, which inhibits gluconeogeneis and TCA cycle
  • -> leads to hypoglycemia, hepatic fatty change, acidosis, and ketone production
18
Q

Which metabolic pathways take place in both the mitochondria and the cytoplasm?

A

Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

19
Q

What are kinases and phosphorylases?

A
  • Kinase: uses ATP to add high-E P group

- Phosphorylase: adds Pi w/o using ATP

20
Q

What are the four results of Kwashiarkor?

A

Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, fatty Liver

21
Q

What is Vitamin D’s function?

A
  • Increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increase bone mineralization
  • Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, hypocalcemic tetany
  • Excess: hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor, occurs in sarcoidosis (abnormal collections of chronic inflammatory cells in multiple organs)
22
Q

Where do we find vitamin C?

A

Only in fresh fruits and vegetables

23
Q

Where do we obtain niacin (vitamin B3) from?

A
  • Synthesized from tryptophan, with VitB6 andB2

- Through diet: liver, poultry, and eggs

24
Q

What foods do we get folic acid (vitamin B9) from?

A

-milk, uncooked fruits, vegetables

25
Q

Where do we obtain thiamin (vitamin B1) from?

A

-Milk, eggs, meats, fruits

26
Q

Where do we obtain pyridoxine (vitamin B6) from?

A

-Vegetables, cereals, fruits

27
Q

Where do find vitamin A (retinoic acid)?

A

-Egg yolks, fish oils, leafy vegetables

28
Q

Where do we get vitamin K from?

A
  • Liver, egg yolk, leafy vegetables

- Synthesized by intestinal flora

29
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy in a baby?

A

-Diarrhea, pallor, tenderness of the bones, lumps along the ribs, nose bleeds, bruising over eyelid, blood in the urine

30
Q

What is Beri Beri?

A
  • Disease caused by thiamine deficiency
  • Wet BerBeri: cardiomegaly, peripheral edema, cardiac failure
  • Dry BeriBeri: polyneuritis
  • Baby BeriBeri: tachychardia, vomiting, seizures, death
31
Q

What is the function of 1-a-hydroxylase?

A
  • Production of the active form of vitamin D (calcitrol) in the kidney is catalized by this enzyme
  • Its activity is increased when there is:
  • ->Increased parathyroid hormone
  • ->decreased serum [Ca]
  • ->decreased serum [P]
32
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome?

A
  • Disorder of fatty infiltration of the liver associated with impaired mitochondrial metabolism of FAs
  • It follows a viral disease, and is preceded by nuasea and vomiting
  • Can cause jaundice, confusion, encephalopathy, & hypoglycemia
33
Q

What is Gilbert’s syndrome?

A
  • Asymptomatic familial disorder

- Modest elevation of serum unconjugated bilirubin

34
Q

What is Rotor’s syndrome?

A
  • Autosomal recessive form of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, asymptomatic
  • Defective bilirubin transport
35
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

-Copper deposition in the liver parenchyma

36
Q

What is the presenattion of acute pancreatitis?

A
  • Necrosis and inflammation of pancreatic tissue
  • Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting
  • Increase in serum lipase & amylase
  • Due to inappropriate enzyme activation
  • Risk factors: alcoholism, gallstones

Biochem-1stAid-b (4 decks)

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