Nutrition Flashcards
Cabohydrates
- Provides energy, synthesis of vitamin K and vitamin B12
- Fiber promotes peristalsis
- Common sources: bread, cereal, pasta
Blood Glucose
- 60-80 mg/dl fasting
- 140-180 mg/dL 2 hours after a meal
- Elevated in diabetes
Fxns facilitated by proteins
- Hemoglobin, insulin, albumin, growth, energy, reg of body fxns, replacement of cellular proteins
- have protein check if they have wounds
Sources of protein
-Meat, Milk, Fish, poultry, cheese
What value is directly related to protein?
Nitrogen
What indicates a positive nitrogen balance
intake is greater than excretion
-new tissues are being synthesized, recovery from illness, athletic training, pregnancy, and childhood growth.
What indicates a negative nitrogen balance?
- Exists when the excretion exceeds the intake
- inadequate diet or excessive nitrogen breakdown from disease or illness
Fats
- significant energy source
- supply 9kcal/g
- remain in stomach longer than carbs and proteins
Sources of unsaturated fat
- Vegetable and fish sources
- has a double bond
Sources of saturated fat
- animal sources
- no double bond
Sources of Trans fat
- baked and fried goods
- formed from hydrogenation
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
-K, A, D, E
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- B-complex and C
Minerals
Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Iodine, Fluoride, Water
Vitamin A Functions
- Normal vision in dim light
- Healthy epithelium
- Promotes skeletal and tooth development
- Promotes cellular proliferation
Deficiency Vitamin A
- Night or total blindness
- keratinization
- Follicular hyperkeratosis
- Xeropthalmia (Dry eyes)
- Inadequate tooth and bone development
- keratinization (degeneration of cells and skin gets hard)
Vitamin D Functions
- Absorption of Calcium
- Moving calcium and phosphorus from bone
Deficiency Causes vitamin D
- Rickets in children
- Poor dental health
- Tetany (muscle twitches)
- Osteomalacia
- Porous bones in children
Vitamin E Fxn
- Antioxidant
- Protects vitamin A from oxidation
Vitamin E Deficiency
Increased hemolysis of red blood cells
- Poor reflexes
- Anemia
Vitamin K (Warfarin)
-Formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors
Vitamin K deficiency
Increased chance to hermorrhage
B1 (Thiamine) Fxn and deficit
- Healthy nerve functioning
- Normal appetite and digestion
D: Beriberi, apathy, fatigue, constipation, cardiac failure, neuritis
B3 Niacin FXN and deficit
-Tissue regeneration, glycogen metabolism
D: causes pellagra (Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea)
B2 Riboflavin and Deficit
- Protein and carb metabolism
- Deficiency causes cheilosis, vision irregularities
B9 (Folic Acid) Fxn and D
- Fxns: protein metabolism, cell growth, red blood cell formation
- D: glossitis, diarrhea, macrocytic anemia, birth defects
B9 Sources
-Dark leafy green vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, peas, meat, eggs, seafood, grains
B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Fxn and D
F: formation of mature RBCs and synthesis of RNA and DNA
-requires intrinsic factor for absorption
D: Pernicious anemia and neurological deterioration
B12 sources
-Found in meats, fish, poultry, milk, eggs
Vitamin C Fxn
-Protection against infection, adequate wound healing, collagen formation, iron absorption, metabolism of amino acids, vitamin C can determine hemoglobin,
wound healing
Sources Vitamin C
Citrus Fruits, Veggies
Vit C Deficit
- Poor wound healing, increased susceptibility to infection, retardation of growth and development, joint pain, anemia
- scurvy
Calcium Fxn
- Convert prothrombin to thrombin
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Reg of materials in and out of the cell
- Contraction and relaxation of muscles primarily cardiac
CA deficit
- Rickets and osteoporosis
Iron Fxn and D
F: Hemoglobin
D: Iron deficit anemia, fatigue. lethargy, and poor resistance to infeciton
Sodium F and Nursing consideration
F: maintains fluid and acid-base balance
NC: is restricted with heart disease, HTN, kidney and liver disease
Potassium F and NC
F: protein synthesis, fluid balance, muscle contraction
NC: Potassium is restricted with renal or kidney issues
Iodine Fxn and D
Fxn: functions with thyroid for energy metabolism, mental and physical growth.
D: causes a goiter, enlarged thyroid gland, and can lead to cretinism in infants. Cretinism leads to muscle flabbiness, weakness, dry skin, thick lips, skeletal retardation, and mental retardation.
Fluoride
F: maintians bone structure and reduces tooth decay
NC: present in most drinking water
Water
F: maintain normal cell fxn
D: Thirst may be decreased in the aged
Digestion (mechanical process)
- Mastication: chewing
- Deglutition: Swallow
- Churning: (stomach to duodenum)
- More churning (small intestine)
- Peristalsis ( moves to large intestine)
- Stored until evacuation from the body
Digestion (chemical process)
- Enzymes break down substances into simpler compounds.
- Glucose -> monosaccharides
- fats -> fatty acids and glycerol
- Proteins-> amino acids
Absorption
- Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries
- Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed in the intestinal villi into the lymphatic system by the lymph capillaries
Metabolism Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate: Short-term glucose storage liver via glycogenesis
Long- term storage: adipose tissue
Not enough glucose: gluconeogenesis
Fat metabolism
- Fatty acid and glycerol
- stored in adipose tissue
Protein metabolism
- Anabolism builds up tissues, antibodies, rbcs, and tissue repair
- excess stored in liver or converted to fat
Excretion
- CO2 and H20 are excreted by the lungs
- Digestive wastes are excreted through the intestines and rectum
- Water, toxin, salts, nitrogen wastes are excreted by kidneys, skin, sweat glands
Signs of poor nutrition lacking protein?
- Hair: Thin coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
- Muscles: Wasting
- Lack of growth
- Skin: Pressure sores, poor wound bleeding
- Skeletal: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fractures
Signs of poor nutrition lacking Vitamin C?
- Skin: Pressure sores, poor wound bleeding
- Gums: Swollen, bleeding
- Skeletal: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fractures
Signs of poor nutrition lacking Vitamin K?
Skin: excessive bruising, bleeding
Signs of poor nutrition lacking calories?
Lack of growth
Signs of poor nutrition lacking Vitamin D and Calcium
-Skeletal: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fractures
Signs of poor nutrition lacking Thiamine, niacin, and B-complex?
Mental: confusion and motor weakness
Dietary Modifications for Renal Disease
- Restrict intake of sodium, potassium, protein, and possibly fluids
Dietary Mod for liver disease (cirrhosis)
Restrict intake of sodium; increase intake of protein, unless hepatic coma is pending, at which time protein is virtually eliminated.
CHF dietary mod
Restrict intake of sodium and calories
CAD dietary mod
Restrict intake of Na, calories, and fats (saturated fats and cholesterol)
Burns dietary mod
Increase intake of calories, protein, Vit C, and the B-complex vitamins
Respiratory (emphysema) dietary mod
A soft, high calorie, high protein, diet is recommended
TB dietary Mod
Increase intake of protein, calories, calcium, and Vit A
HTN Dietary Mod
Restrict sodium intake; lose weight, if appropriate
Factors that impact a person’s nutrition
- Ability to obtain or afford food
- Knowledge of nutrition
- Swallowing difficulties
- Discomfort with meals
- GI abnormalities: Diabetes, N/V, Cholecystitis, Esophagitis, IBD, any GI obstruction,
- Nutritional malabsorption like gluten intolerance
Labs that relate to Iron
- iron, ferritin, H/H, transferrin
Lab value reflects the ability of the kidneys to excrete waste
-creatinine
What labs are used to determine protein?
- Albumin ( half-life is 18 days) can be impacted by hydration and unreliable
- Pre-albumin Half life of 2 days considered a very sensitive and specific marker for nutritional status
Enteral feeding tube
- Tubes placed in the stomach or intestine to meet nutritional needs
- NG tube
- Percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy
Nursing considerations for enteral feeding
- Check orders for type of tube feeding, rate, and administration method: continuous, intermittent, glucose monitoring (if it ends in stomach don’t check)
- Head of the bed should be elevated during feeding at least 45 degrees
- Gastric residual volume: volume in stomach not digested, too much could mean holding the tube feeding
- Signs of intolerance: N, V, cramping, bloating, Diarrhea
- Document length of NG tube at nose
- Temp of feeding should be at room temp
- Water flushes prevent clogs should be done every 4-6 hours
- Flush tube before and after medications or feeding
