nutrients in energy metabolism Flashcards
identify the b-complex vitamins
b1 (thiamin) b2 (riboflavin) b3 (niacin) b5 (pantothenic acid) b6 (pyridoxine) b12 (cyanocobalamin) Folate Biotin
What is a coenzyme?
Molecule that combines with enzymes to activate the enzyme or to help do its job. Vitamins and minerals are coenzymes.
B1 Thiamin
Function, Toxicity, Deficiency, Food Sources, Other
Function: enzyme cofactor for carbs & aminos. Production of DNA & RNA
Toxicity: None
Deficiency: beriben- fatigue confusion, memory loss, muscle weakness, nerve damage. Wernick-Korsakaoff syndrome- impaired memory & confusion.
Food Sources: whole grains, tuna, legumes, pork, peas
Other: converts to TPP
B2 Riboflavin
Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources
Functions: enzyme cofactor for carb & fat metabolism. Protectws against oxidative damage
toxicity: none
Deficiency: ariboflavinosis- swollen mouth, throat, dermatitis, anemia
Food Sources: Dairy, shrimp, eggs, broccoli, beef, liver
B3 Niacin
Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources, other
Functions: Carb, Lipid & Protein metabolism. DNA Replication. Cell Repair
Toxicity: flushing, liver damage, blurred vision, glucose intolerance
Deficiency: pellagra- vomiting, constipation , diarrhea, apathy
Food Sources: Meat, poultry, fish, enriched grains
Other: body can synthesized niacin from tryptophan. niacin from meat is more bioavailable.
B6 Pyridoxine
Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources
Functions: amino & carb metabolism. Neurotransmitter synthesis. Immune function. Decrease in cardio disease.
Toxicity: none from food. Supplements can cause lesions & neuropathy
Deficiency: convulsions, anemia, depression, confusion, irritated skin
Food sources: meat, fish, poultry, starchy veggies, bananas, fortified cereal
Folate
Functions: enzyme cofactor for amino metabolism. Required for DNA Synthesis. Metabolism of homocysteine.
toxicity: masks symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency
deficiency: Neural birth defects. elevated homocysteine levels. pernicious anemia
food sources: veggies, liver, fortified grains, legumes
other: critical during 1st few weeks of pregnancy
B12 Cyanocobalamin
Functions: formation of blood. Healthy nervous system functions. Enzyme cofactor in metabolism of homocysteine.
Toxicity: none from food. questionable from supplements
Deficiency: pernicious anemia. nerve damage. memory loss. tingling and numbness of extremities.
food sources: shellfish, meat (50% bioavailable), dairy, fortified cereal.
other: vegans need fortified B12
B5 Pantothenic Acid
Functions: fat metabolism and cholesterol synthesis. Metabolize CoA
Toxicity: none
Deficiency: rare
Food sources: meat, fish, poultry, shitake mushrooms, egg yolk, fortified cereal
Other: most americans consume slightly more than RDI
Biotin
Functions: involved as enzyme cofactor in carb, fat & protein metabolism. Important for gluconeogenisis
toxicity: none
Deficiency: rare, but seen in those who consume too much egg white
Food sources: nuts, egg yolk, widespread in us food supply
Choline
Functions:fat metabolism (in bile)
toxicity: vomiting, excess salivation, fishy body odor, low blood pressure.
deficiency: fat accumulation in liver and liver damage
food sources: milk, liver, eggs, soy, peanuts, cauliflower
Iodine
Functions: synthesis of thyroid hormones. Temp regulation. Reproduction & growth
Toxicity: goiter - swollen thyroid
deficiency: goiter, hypothyroidism
food sources: iodized salt, saltwater, seafood, dairy
chromium
functions: glucose transport, metabolism of DNA &RNA. Immune function. Growth.
Toxicity: none
Deficiency: elevated blood glucose & lipid levels. Damage to nervous system.
Food sources: whole gains, prunes, brewers yeast, dark chocolate, mushrooms.
Manganese
Functions: assists in many enzyme systems
synthesis of protein fund in bone and cartilage
Toxicity: spasms & tremors
Deficiency: impaired growth & reproductive function. Reduced bone density. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism.
Food sources: whole grains, nuts, leafy veggies, tea
Sulfur
Functions: acid-base balance. Liver detox. Component of certain b-vitamins & aminos
sources: protein rich foods
which micronutrients are involved with homocysteine?
methionine is converted to homocysteine.
- Need B6 to turn into cysteine or else homocysteine levels increase
- need folate & B12 to turn back into methionine or else homocysteine levels increase
intracellar fluid
fluid within the walls of the body’s cell
2\3 body fluid is here
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the body’s cells. 1\3 body’s fluid is here.
Includes interstitial and intravascular
interstitial
fluid that flows between the cells that make u a particular tissue or organ
intravascular
fluid in bloodstream and lympth
what happens when blood volume and blood pressure decrease?
kidney secretes renin. renin activates anigioteinogen in liver. aniotensin 1 becomes 2. Aniotensin 2 constricts veins and increases bloop pressure
renin
secreted by kidneys
in response to a DECREASE in blood pressure
converts angiotensin 1 to 2
angiotensin 2
vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure.
signals release of aldosterone from adrenals
aldosterone
hormone released from adrenals
signals kidneys to retain sodium & chloride
results in water retention
