nutrients in energy metabolism

Question 1

identify the b-complex vitamins

Answer 1

b1 (thiamin)
b2 (riboflavin)
b3 (niacin)
b5 (pantothenic acid)
b6 (pyridoxine)
b12 (cyanocobalamin)
Folate
Biotin

Question 2

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 2

Molecule that combines with enzymes to activate the enzyme or to help do its job. Vitamins and minerals are coenzymes.

Question 3

B1 Thiamin

Function, Toxicity, Deficiency, Food Sources, Other

Answer 3

Function: enzyme cofactor for carbs & aminos. Production of DNA & RNA
Toxicity: None
Deficiency: beriben- fatigue confusion, memory loss, muscle weakness, nerve damage. Wernick-Korsakaoff syndrome- impaired memory & confusion.
Food Sources: whole grains, tuna, legumes, pork, peas
Other: converts to TPP

Question 4

B2 Riboflavin

Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources

Answer 4

Functions: enzyme cofactor for carb & fat metabolism. Protectws against oxidative damage
toxicity: none
Deficiency: ariboflavinosis- swollen mouth, throat, dermatitis, anemia
Food Sources: Dairy, shrimp, eggs, broccoli, beef, liver

Question 5

B3 Niacin

Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources, other

Answer 5

Functions: Carb, Lipid & Protein metabolism. DNA Replication. Cell Repair
Toxicity: flushing, liver damage, blurred vision, glucose intolerance
Deficiency: pellagra- vomiting, constipation , diarrhea, apathy
Food Sources: Meat, poultry, fish, enriched grains
Other: body can synthesized niacin from tryptophan. niacin from meat is more bioavailable.

Question 6

B6 Pyridoxine

Functions, toxicity, deficiency, food sources

Answer 6

Functions: amino & carb metabolism. Neurotransmitter synthesis. Immune function. Decrease in cardio disease.
Toxicity: none from food. Supplements can cause lesions & neuropathy
Deficiency: convulsions, anemia, depression, confusion, irritated skin
Food sources: meat, fish, poultry, starchy veggies, bananas, fortified cereal

Question 7

Folate

Answer 7

Functions: enzyme cofactor for amino metabolism. Required for DNA Synthesis. Metabolism of homocysteine.
toxicity: masks symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency
deficiency: Neural birth defects. elevated homocysteine levels. pernicious anemia
food sources: veggies, liver, fortified grains, legumes
other: critical during 1st few weeks of pregnancy

Question 8

B12 Cyanocobalamin

Answer 8

Functions: formation of blood. Healthy nervous system functions. Enzyme cofactor in metabolism of homocysteine.
Toxicity: none from food. questionable from supplements
Deficiency: pernicious anemia. nerve damage. memory loss. tingling and numbness of extremities.
food sources: shellfish, meat (50% bioavailable), dairy, fortified cereal.
other: vegans need fortified B12

Question 9

B5 Pantothenic Acid

Answer 9

Functions: fat metabolism and cholesterol synthesis. Metabolize CoA
Toxicity: none
Deficiency: rare
Food sources: meat, fish, poultry, shitake mushrooms, egg yolk, fortified cereal
Other: most americans consume slightly more than RDI

Question 10

Biotin

Answer 10

Functions: involved as enzyme cofactor in carb, fat & protein metabolism. Important for gluconeogenisis
toxicity: none
Deficiency: rare, but seen in those who consume too much egg white
Food sources: nuts, egg yolk, widespread in us food supply

Question 11

Choline

Answer 11

Functions:fat metabolism (in bile)
toxicity: vomiting, excess salivation, fishy body odor, low blood pressure.
deficiency: fat accumulation in liver and liver damage
food sources: milk, liver, eggs, soy, peanuts, cauliflower

Question 12

Iodine

Answer 12

Functions: synthesis of thyroid hormones. Temp regulation. Reproduction & growth
Toxicity: goiter - swollen thyroid
deficiency: goiter, hypothyroidism
food sources: iodized salt, saltwater, seafood, dairy

Question 13

chromium

Answer 13

functions: glucose transport, metabolism of DNA &RNA. Immune function. Growth.
Toxicity: none
Deficiency: elevated blood glucose & lipid levels. Damage to nervous system.
Food sources: whole gains, prunes, brewers yeast, dark chocolate, mushrooms.

Question 14

Manganese

Answer 14

Functions: assists in many enzyme systems
synthesis of protein fund in bone and cartilage
Toxicity: spasms & tremors
Deficiency: impaired growth & reproductive function. Reduced bone density. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism.
Food sources: whole grains, nuts, leafy veggies, tea

Question 15

Sulfur

Answer 15

Functions: acid-base balance. Liver detox. Component of certain b-vitamins & aminos
sources: protein rich foods

Question 16

which micronutrients are involved with homocysteine?

Answer 16

methionine is converted to homocysteine.

• Need B6 to turn into cysteine or else homocysteine levels increase
• need folate & B12 to turn back into methionine or else homocysteine levels increase

Question 17

intracellar fluid

Answer 17

fluid within the walls of the body’s cell

2\3 body fluid is here

Question 18

extracellular fluid

Answer 18

fluid outside the body’s cells. 1\3 body’s fluid is here.

Includes interstitial and intravascular

Question 19

interstitial

Answer 19

fluid that flows between the cells that make u a particular tissue or organ

Question 20

intravascular

Answer 20

fluid in bloodstream and lympth

Question 21

what happens when blood volume and blood pressure decrease?

Answer 21

kidney secretes renin. renin activates anigioteinogen in liver. aniotensin 1 becomes 2. Aniotensin 2 constricts veins and increases bloop pressure

Question 22

renin

Answer 22

secreted by kidneys
in response to a DECREASE in blood pressure
converts angiotensin 1 to 2

Question 23

angiotensin 2

Answer 23

vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure.

signals release of aldosterone from adrenals

Question 24

aldosterone

Answer 24

hormone released from adrenals
signals kidneys to retain sodium & chloride
results in water retention

Question 25

Sodium

Answer 25

charge: positive
function: muscle contraction and nerve transmission
glucose absorption
toxicity: hypernatremia
deficiency: hyponatremia
location: outside of cell

Question 26

potassium

Answer 26

charge: positive
Function: fluid balance. nerve transmission. muscle function
toxicity: hyperkalemia
deficiency: hypokalemia
food sources: fruits and veggies (esp. potato), halibut
location: inside of cell

Question 27

Chloride

Answer 27

charge: negative
toxicity: hypertention i salt sensitive indiv.
deficiency: uncommon
food sources: table salt
location: outside of cell

Question 28

Phosphorus

Answer 28

Charge: negative
Functions: fluid balance. part of mineral complex in bone. primary part of ATP
toxicity: muscle spasms and convulsions
deficiency: rare
Food sources: dairy, meat, eggs
Location: inside

Question 29

What are antioxidants

Answer 29

components that protect cells from the damage caused by ocidation (E, C, A, Selenium)

Question 30

How do free radicals damage cells?

Answer 30

free radicals within lipid bilayer of cells steal electrons from stable liquid molecules. leading to destabilization and the loss of hydrophobic properties (cant move fluids in and out). Can also damage DNA.

Question 31

How do antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals? Both vitamin and mineral

Answer 31

vitamin antioxidants donate an electron or hydrogen molecule to stabilize the free radical. Minerals convert free radicals to less damaging substances.

Question 32

Vitamin E

Answer 32

Functions: antioxidant. normal nerve & muscle development. normal nerve & muscle development. Promotes A absorption.
Location for storage: adipose tissue (90%), Cell membrane (10%)
Food sources: veggie oils, nuts, seeds, wheat germ, soy