Carbohydrates

Question 1

Explain photosynthesis

Answer 1

Begins with h20 + CO2+sun. Through photosynthesis, C6 + H12 + O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) is produced. Plants produce glucose to grow and produce food. The glucose is stored for energy as starch.

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 3

Glucose

Answer 3

Most important, liver converts all carbs into glucose. Starts the metabolic cycle.

Question 4

Fructose

Answer 4

sweetest natural sugar

Question 5

Galactose

Answer 5

Doesn’t occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose

Question 6

Sucrose

Answer 6

(glucose + fructose) sweeteners, sugarcane, honey, etc

Question 7

Maltose

Answer 7

(glucose + Glucose) beer, fermented greens (join together to form starch.

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

(glucose + galactose) milk sugar

Question 9

Oligosaccharide

Answer 9

carbs that contain 3-10 monosaccharides

Question 10

polysaccharide

Answer 10

100-1000 of glucose molecules

Question 11

Complex carbs

Answer 11

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 12

starch

Answer 12

storage form of glucose in plants.
2 types: amylose- straight chain of glucose molecules.
Amylopectin- highly branched, rapidly digested, but also raises blood sugar quicker.

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

storage form of glucose in animals. Very little exists in meat after slaughter. Stored in liver and muscles.

Question 14

3 definitions of fiber

Answer 14

Dietary fier, functional fiber and total fiber

Question 15

Dietary fiber

Answer 15

non-digestible carbohydrate part of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seeds (skeleton).

Question 16

Functional fiber

Answer 16

non-digestible forms of carbs that are extracted from plants and manufactured in lab and have known health benefits ( psyllium, guar gum, pectin)

Question 17

Total fiber

Answer 17

sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber

Question 18

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ___ and ceases in the ___. Majority of digestion takes place in the ___

Answer 18

Mouth, stomach, small intestine.

Question 19

Enzymes involved in carbohydrate ingestion include

Answer 19

Maltase—- Breaks down maltose
Sucrase—- Breaks down sucrose
Lactase—- Breaks down lactose

Question 20

what type of absorption is needed for the monosaccharides

Answer 20

Glucose– active transport
Fructose– facilitated diffusion
Galactose– Active transport

Question 21

Once in the enterocyte, what happens to the monosaccharides?

Answer 21

Travel to the liver

Question 22

Hormones involved in blood glucose regulation

Answer 22

Insulin, Glucagon, epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol, Growth Hormone

Question 23

Body’s sources of fuel (1st, 2nd, 3rd choices)

Answer 23

First: glucose from carbs
Second: Gluconeogenesis, glucose from the conversion of protein.
Third: Ketones from fat

Question 24

If there is not enough glucose or glycogen, how can amino acids from protein make a difference?

Answer 24

Gluconeogenesis assists in breakdown of proteins and the uptake of amino acids by the liver, creating glucose from amino.

Question 25

Ketosis

Answer 25

Breakdown the fat during fasting states- results in ketones

Question 26

glycemic load

Answer 26

the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of the carb

Question 27

What percentage of daily calories should be carbs?

Answer 27

45%-65%