Carbohydrates Flashcards
Explain photosynthesis
Begins with h20 + CO2+sun. Through photosynthesis, C6 + H12 + O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) is produced. Plants produce glucose to grow and produce food. The glucose is stored for energy as starch.
Monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glucose
Most important, liver converts all carbs into glucose. Starts the metabolic cycle.
Fructose
sweetest natural sugar
Galactose
Doesn’t occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose
Sucrose
(glucose + fructose) sweeteners, sugarcane, honey, etc
Maltose
(glucose + Glucose) beer, fermented greens (join together to form starch.
Lactose
(glucose + galactose) milk sugar
Oligosaccharide
carbs that contain 3-10 monosaccharides
polysaccharide
100-1000 of glucose molecules
Complex carbs
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
starch
storage form of glucose in plants.
2 types: amylose- straight chain of glucose molecules.
Amylopectin- highly branched, rapidly digested, but also raises blood sugar quicker.
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in animals. Very little exists in meat after slaughter. Stored in liver and muscles.
3 definitions of fiber
Dietary fier, functional fiber and total fiber
Dietary fiber
non-digestible carbohydrate part of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seeds (skeleton).
Functional fiber
non-digestible forms of carbs that are extracted from plants and manufactured in lab and have known health benefits ( psyllium, guar gum, pectin)
Total fiber
sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ___ and ceases in the ___. Majority of digestion takes place in the ___
Mouth, stomach, small intestine.
Enzymes involved in carbohydrate ingestion include
Maltase—- Breaks down maltose
Sucrase—- Breaks down sucrose
Lactase—- Breaks down lactose
what type of absorption is needed for the monosaccharides
Glucose– active transport
Fructose– facilitated diffusion
Galactose– Active transport
Once in the enterocyte, what happens to the monosaccharides?
Travel to the liver
Hormones involved in blood glucose regulation
Insulin, Glucagon, epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol, Growth Hormone
Body’s sources of fuel (1st, 2nd, 3rd choices)
First: glucose from carbs
Second: Gluconeogenesis, glucose from the conversion of protein.
Third: Ketones from fat
If there is not enough glucose or glycogen, how can amino acids from protein make a difference?
Gluconeogenesis assists in breakdown of proteins and the uptake of amino acids by the liver, creating glucose from amino.
Ketosis
Breakdown the fat during fasting states- results in ketones
glycemic load
the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of the carb
What percentage of daily calories should be carbs?
45%-65%
