Nutrients and Diet Flashcards
Is the total of all the foods and drinks ingested by an
individual
Diet
They serve as the “last resort energy substrate and muscle waste
Proteins
Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid are part of the:
Essential FA
Saturated fats can be present in:
Animal Fats, Palm Oil, Cocoa Butter and Coconut Oil
Wich two neuropeptides express the neurons in the arcuate nucleus?
Anabolic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catabolic proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
Helps control postprandial glycemia and insulinemia and are beneficial for people with diabetes and better for weight control. Tends to be high in fats and low in carbs.
Low Glycemic Index Foods
Foods that should be consumed in lesser amounts are:
Red meats, processed (sodium-preserved) meats, and foods that are rich in added sugars, salt, and trans fatty acids.
If the GI tract is nonfunctional, nutritional support can be provided by:
Intravenous Route
Provide thermal insulation and are essential components of biological membranes
Lipids
Eating no animal products can lead to a deficiency of:
Essential Aminoacids, vitamin B12 , calcium, iron, and zinc.
Mention the five coenzymes are required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex activity:
- Thyamine Pyrophosphate
- Lipoamide
- CoA
- FAD
- NAD
Concentration of Adiponectin can decrease in:
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Consumption of ________ are associated with increased risk of coronary disease.
Trans FA
Is the only significant dietary monounsaturated fatty acid
Oleic Acid (w-9)
Are important for the catalysis of chemical reactions and act as coenzymes and form functionally important prosthetic groups of enzymes.
Vitamines and trace metals
Mention the W-6 acids:
Arachidonic acid Linoleic Acid
Foods with high Glycemic Index are:
Rapidly absorbed and digested and stimulate craving reward areas of the brain
Is the system of ranking of the carbohydrate-containing foods according to the degree of increase in blood glucose that takes place after their ingestion.
Glycemic Index
- Is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100 (low GI is 0-55, moderate 56-69, and high >69).
What can affect Glycemic index?
Nature of food, the type of starch, and also by the cooking method
Is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Its main role is to regulate gut motility and transit.
Fiber
- Stimulates glucose utilization in muscle
- Increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and the liver
- Increasing insulin sensitivity
- Decrease hepatic glucose production.
- Regulates the secretion of proinflamatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
Adiponectin
Are isomers of the cis - oleic acid and by-products of the hydrogenation process of liquid vegetable oils.
Trans FA
Essential (limiting) nutrients are:
All the ones that cannot be synthesized in the human body
Signals controlling energy intake are mediated by:
Leptin and Insulin
Activate the PPARα, which in turn regulates fatty acid metabolism.
Adiponectin Receptors
Feeding a person through special tubes placed in the stomach or jejunum
Enteral Feeding
Major source of calcium and vitamin A
Dairy Products
Leptin gene expression is regulated by:
Food intake, energy status, hormones, and the presence of inflammation.
Mention the W-3 acids:
α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic
The starch present in grains and potatoes are:
Complex Carbs
Mention some essential nutrients
Amino acids, essential fatty acids (EFA), and some vitamins and trace elements.
NOT CARBS!!!!!!
Signals controlling energy intake originate from _________ and are sent to ____________.
Adipose Tissue, CNS
Transpor long chain FA
Chylomicrons
Provide cell structure and are responsible for many of the cell’s functions, communications, and signaling.
Proteins
Name the carbohydrate that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and β-glucan.
Fiber
Enteral Feeding
If oral intake is impossible, but the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is functional
It affects metabolism by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and by decreasing lipogenesis. Importantly, it also decreases ectopic deposition of fat in liver or muscle.
Expression of Leptin Gene
Appropriate when the gastrointestinal tract does not function because of, for instance, intestinal obstruction or when large parts of it have been surgically removed
Total Parentenal Nutrition
intravenous feeding
Which nutrients are Micronutrients?
Vitamines and Trace Metals
Which nutrients are Macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, fiber, and some minerals
Most important nutrients used for energy storage
Fats
Carbohydrates and fats are:
Main Energy Source
Main centers regulating appetite are located in:
Hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS)
They are present primarily in fish, shellfish, and phytoplankton, and also in some vegetable oils such as olive, safflower, corn, sunflower, and soybean oil, as well as in leafy vegetables.
W-3 FA
Which structure translates signals related to the energy balance into eating behavior through secretion of a range of neuropeptides?
Hypothalamus
The most common saturated fatty acids are: ________
- Palmitic Acid (C-16)
- Stearic (C-18)
- Myrystic (C-14)
- Lauric (C-12)
Low Adiponectin can cause:
- Insulin resistance and with hepatic steatosis
- Low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction
Are present in all animal and vegetable fats, olive oil is a particularly rich source
Monounsaturated FA
Albumin
Transport short- and medium-chain fatty acids in plasma
The main nutrients are:
Carbs, Fats, Proteins, Minerals and Vitamins
They are present in soy bean and canola oils and in fish oils (particularly in fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, and pilchards).
W-6 acids
Chemically defined components of food required by the body
Nutrients
Sucrose in sweets, drinks, and fruit juices are:
Refined Carbs
Its secretion is linked to the adipose tissue mass and to the size of adipocytes. Acting in the CNS, it decreases food intake.
Leptin
