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GI Tract Biochem > Nutrients and Diet > Flashcards

Nutrients and Diet Flashcards

1
Q

Is the total of all the foods and drinks ingested by an

individual

A

Diet

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2
Q

They serve as the “last resort􏰀 energy substrate and muscle waste

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid are part of the:

A

Essential FA

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4
Q

Saturated fats can be present in:

A

Animal Fats, Palm Oil, Cocoa Butter and Coconut Oil

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5
Q

Wich two neuropeptides express the neurons in the arcuate nucleus?

A

Anabolic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catabolic proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

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6
Q

Helps control postprandial glycemia and insulinemia and are beneficial for people with diabetes and better for weight control. Tends to be high in fats and low in carbs.

A

Low Glycemic Index Foods

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7
Q

Foods that should be consumed in lesser amounts are:

A

Red meats, processed (sodium-preserved) meats, and foods that are rich in added sugars, salt, and trans fatty acids.

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8
Q

If the GI tract is nonfunctional, nutritional support can be provided by:

A

Intravenous Route

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9
Q

Provide thermal insulation and are essential components of biological membranes

A

Lipids

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10
Q

Eating no animal products can lead to a deficiency of:

A

Essential Aminoacids, vitamin B12 , calcium, iron, and zinc.

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11
Q

Mention the five coenzymes are required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex activity:

A
  1. Thyamine Pyrophosphate
  2. Lipoamide
  3. CoA
  4. FAD
  5. NAD
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12
Q

Concentration of Adiponectin can decrease in:

A

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

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13
Q

Consumption of ________ are associated with increased risk of coronary disease.

A

Trans FA

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14
Q

Is the only significant dietary monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Oleic Acid (w-9)

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15
Q

Are important for the catalysis of chemical reactions and act as coenzymes and form functionally important prosthetic groups of enzymes.

A

Vitamines and trace metals

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16
Q

Mention the W-6 acids:

A

Arachidonic acid Linoleic Acid

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17
Q

Foods with high Glycemic Index are:

A

Rapidly absorbed and digested and stimulate craving reward areas of the brain

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18
Q

Is the system of ranking of the carbohydrate-containing foods according to the degree of increase in blood glucose that takes place after their ingestion.

A

Glycemic Index

- Is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100 (low GI is 0􏰋-55, moderate 56-􏰋69, and high >69).

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19
Q

What can affect Glycemic index?

A

Nature of food, the type of starch, and also by the cooking method

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20
Q

Is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Its main role is to regulate gut motility and transit.

A

Fiber

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21
Q
  1. Stimulates glucose utilization in muscle
  2. Increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and the liver
  3. Increasing insulin sensitivity
  4. Decrease hepatic glucose production.
  5. Regulates the secretion of proinflamatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
A

Adiponectin

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22
Q

Are isomers of the cis - oleic acid and by-products of the hydrogenation process of liquid vegetable oils.

A

Trans FA

23
Q

Essential (limiting) nutrients are:

A

All the ones that cannot be synthesized in the human body

24
Q

Signals controlling energy intake are mediated by:

A

Leptin and Insulin

25
Q

Activate the PPARα, which in turn regulates fatty acid metabolism.

A

Adiponectin Receptors

26
Q

Feeding a person through special tubes placed in the stomach or jejunum

A

Enteral Feeding

27
Q

Major source of calcium and vitamin A

A

Dairy Products

28
Q

Leptin gene expression is regulated by:

A

Food intake, energy status, hormones, and the presence of inflammation.

29
Q

Mention the W-3 acids:

A

α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic

30
Q

The starch present in grains and potatoes are:

A

Complex Carbs

31
Q

Mention some essential nutrients

A

Amino acids, essential fatty acids (EFA), and some vitamins and trace elements.

NOT CARBS!!!!!!

32
Q

Signals controlling energy intake originate from _________ and are sent to ____________.

A

Adipose Tissue, CNS

33
Q

Transpor long chain FA

A

Chylomicrons

34
Q

Provide cell structure and are responsible for many of the cell’s functions, communications, and signaling.

A

Proteins

35
Q

Name the carbohydrate that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and β-glucan.

A

Fiber

36
Q

Enteral Feeding

A

If oral intake is impossible, but the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is functional

37
Q

It affects metabolism by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and by decreasing lipogenesis. Importantly, it also decreases ectopic deposition of fat in liver or muscle.

A

Expression of Leptin Gene

38
Q

Appropriate when the gastrointestinal tract does not function because of, for instance, intestinal obstruction or when large parts of it have been surgically removed

A

Total Parentenal Nutrition

intravenous feeding

39
Q

Which nutrients are Micronutrients?

A

Vitamines and Trace Metals

40
Q

Which nutrients are Macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, fiber, and some minerals

41
Q

Most important nutrients used for energy storage

A

Fats

42
Q

Carbohydrates and fats are:

A

Main Energy Source

43
Q

Main centers regulating appetite are located in:

A

Hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS)

44
Q

They are present primarily in fish, shellfish, and phytoplankton, and also in some vegetable oils such as olive, safflower, corn, sunflower, and soybean oil, as well as in leafy vegetables.

A

W-3 FA

45
Q

Which structure translates signals related to the energy balance into eating behavior through secretion of a range of neuropeptides?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

The most common saturated fatty acids are: ________

A
  1. Palmitic Acid (C-16)
  2. Stearic (C-18)
  3. Myrystic (C-14)
  4. Lauric (C-12)
47
Q

Low Adiponectin can cause:

A
  • Insulin resistance and with hepatic steatosis

- Low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction

48
Q

Are present in all animal and vegetable fats, olive oil is a particularly rich source

A

Monounsaturated FA

49
Q

Albumin

A

Transport short- and medium-chain fatty acids in plasma

50
Q

The main nutrients are:

A

Carbs, Fats, Proteins, Minerals and Vitamins

51
Q

They are present in soy bean and canola oils and in fish oils (particularly in fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, and pilchards).

A

W-6 acids

52
Q

Chemically defined components of food required by the body

A

Nutrients

53
Q

Sucrose in sweets, drinks, and fruit juices are:

A

Refined Carbs

54
Q

Its secretion is linked to the adipose tissue mass and to the size of adipocytes. Acting in the CNS, it decreases food intake.

A

Leptin

GI Tract Biochem (7 decks)

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