Metabolism of Lipids: Hyperlipidemia Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of certain plasma lipids and lipoproteins are key risk factors for

A

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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2
Q

most important plasma lipids are

A

cholesterol and triglyceride.

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3
Q

The main TG-carrying lipoproteins are

A

chylomicron (CM) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

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4
Q

The main cholesterol carrying lipoproteins are

A

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

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5
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for

A

steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids

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6
Q

Triglycerides is a key energy source that is made up of

A

Free fatty acids that are ester-linked to a glycerol backbone

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7
Q

Triglycerides is synthesized in

A

intestinal and liver cells

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8
Q

After being synthesized in intestinal and liver cells triglycerides are then ….

A

transported through the plasma to peripheral cells for β- oxidation or storage

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9
Q

Lipids that are engulfed by macrophages become oxidized, generating toxic intermediates, which induce…

A

cytokine production and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells

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10
Q

LDL-loaded arterial-wall macrophages become

A

foam cells

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11
Q

What do foam cells take part of?

A

atherogenic plaques

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12
Q

What LDL has greater atherogenic potential?

A

small dense LDLs (sdLDLs)

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13
Q

Modified sdLDL is a

A

potent inductor of inflammatory processes associated with cardiovascular disease

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14
Q

What apolipoprotein ratios has strongest predictor of CHD risk?

A

ApoB to ApoA-I

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15
Q

Different homozygous loss- of-function mutations in the APOB or PCSK9 genes cause a monogenic syndrome called …

A

Hypobetalipoproteinaemia (HHbL)

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16
Q

Homozygous mutations in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), cause a disease called

A

abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL)

17
Q

homozygous mutations in the ATP-binding cassette gene (ABCA1) or homozygous deficiencies of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) or lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) disease is called…

A

Tangier disease

18
Q

Individuals with HDL cholesterol levels above the ninety-fifth percentile have homozygous deficiencies of:

A

CETP

19
Q

plasma LDL cholesterol levels depend crucially on

A

LDL receptor function

20
Q

LDL receptor function requires proper binding of ______, the presence of _______, and regulated intracellular receptor degradation by __________.

A

apolipoprotein B, LDL receptor accessory protein 1 (LDLRAP1), the convertase PCSK9

21
Q

Mutations in two genes encoding ATP-binding cassette proteins, ABCG5 and ABCG8, were discovered in patients with

A

Sitosterolaemia

22
Q

Intestinal hyperabsorption and decreased biliary excretion of dietary sterols leading to hypercholesterolaemia, lipid deposits in the skin and tendons (xanthomas), and accelerated CVD

A

Sitosterolaemia

23
Q

Which was the first member of drugs that inhibit sterol absorption?

A

ezetimibe

24
Q

Name the disease that is characterized by low HDL cholesterol

A

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia

25
Q

In hypoalphalipoproteinemia, there are several factors that contribute to low HDL cholesterol levels that need to be identified in clinical practice. These include:

A

● Elevated serum triglycerides

● Overweight and obesity

● Physical inactivity

● Cigarette smoking

● Very high carbohydrate intakes (>60 percent of total energy intake)

● Type 2 diabetes

● Certain drugs (beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, progestational agents)

●Genetic factors

26
Q

Therapeutic lifestyle changes if LDL is above goal include?

A
  • TLC Diet:
    • saturated fat <7% of calories
    • cholesterol <200mg/day
    • increase soluble fiber and plant sterols
  • weight management
  • increase physical activity
27
Q

Coronary heart disease modifiable risk factors?

A
  • Hypertension
  • cigarrette smoking
  • thrombogenic/hemostatic state
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • physical inactivity
  • atherogenic diet
28
Q

Coronary heart disease non-modifiable risk factors?

A
  • age
  • male sex
  • family history of premature CHD