Metabolism of Lipids: Hyperlipidemia

Question 1

Levels of certain plasma lipids and lipoproteins are key risk factors for

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Question 2

most important plasma lipids are

Answer 2

cholesterol and triglyceride.

Question 3

The main TG-carrying lipoproteins are

Answer 3

chylomicron (CM) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 4

The main cholesterol carrying lipoproteins are

Answer 4

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 5

Cholesterol is the precursor for

Answer 5

steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids

Question 6

Triglycerides is a key energy source that is made up of

Answer 6

Free fatty acids that are ester-linked to a glycerol backbone

Question 7

Triglycerides is synthesized in

Answer 7

intestinal and liver cells

Question 8

After being synthesized in intestinal and liver cells triglycerides are then ….

Answer 8

transported through the plasma to peripheral cells for β- oxidation or storage

Question 9

Lipids that are engulfed by macrophages become oxidized, generating toxic intermediates, which induce…

Answer 9

cytokine production and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells

Question 10

LDL-loaded arterial-wall macrophages become

Answer 10

foam cells

Question 11

What do foam cells take part of?

Answer 11

atherogenic plaques

Question 12

What LDL has greater atherogenic potential?

Answer 12

small dense LDLs (sdLDLs)

Question 13

Modified sdLDL is a

Answer 13

potent inductor of inflammatory processes associated with cardiovascular disease

Question 14

What apolipoprotein ratios has strongest predictor of CHD risk?

Answer 14

ApoB to ApoA-I

Question 15

Different homozygous loss- of-function mutations in the APOB or PCSK9 genes cause a monogenic syndrome called …

Answer 15

Hypobetalipoproteinaemia (HHbL)

Question 16

Homozygous mutations in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), cause a disease called

Answer 16

abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL)

Question 17

homozygous mutations in the ATP-binding cassette gene (ABCA1) or homozygous deficiencies of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) or lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) disease is called…

Answer 17

Tangier disease

Question 18

Individuals with HDL cholesterol levels above the ninety-fifth percentile have homozygous deficiencies of:

Answer 18

CETP

Question 19

plasma LDL cholesterol levels depend crucially on

Answer 19

LDL receptor function

Question 20

LDL receptor function requires proper binding of ______, the presence of _______, and regulated intracellular receptor degradation by __________.

Answer 20

apolipoprotein B, LDL receptor accessory protein 1 (LDLRAP1), the convertase PCSK9

Question 21

Mutations in two genes encoding ATP-binding cassette proteins, ABCG5 and ABCG8, were discovered in patients with

Answer 21

Sitosterolaemia

Question 22

Intestinal hyperabsorption and decreased biliary excretion of dietary sterols leading to hypercholesterolaemia, lipid deposits in the skin and tendons (xanthomas), and accelerated CVD

Answer 22

Sitosterolaemia

Question 23

Which was the first member of drugs that inhibit sterol absorption?

Answer 23

ezetimibe

Question 24

Name the disease that is characterized by low HDL cholesterol

Answer 24

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia

Question 25

In hypoalphalipoproteinemia, there are several factors that contribute to low HDL cholesterol levels that need to be identified in clinical practice. These include:

Answer 25

● Elevated serum triglycerides

● Overweight and obesity

● Physical inactivity

● Cigarette smoking

● Very high carbohydrate intakes (>60 percent of total energy intake)

● Type 2 diabetes

● Certain drugs (beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, progestational agents)

●Genetic factors

Question 26

Therapeutic lifestyle changes if LDL is above goal include?

Answer 26

• TLC Diet:
  
  • saturated fat <7% of calories
  • cholesterol <200mg/day
  • increase soluble fiber and plant sterols
• weight management
• increase physical activity

Question 27

Coronary heart disease modifiable risk factors?

Answer 27

• Hypertension
• cigarrette smoking
• thrombogenic/hemostatic state
• diabetes
• obesity
• physical inactivity
• atherogenic diet

Question 28

Coronary heart disease non-modifiable risk factors?

Answer 28

• age
• male sex
• family history of premature CHD