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GI Tract Biochem > Lipid Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Lipid Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms including increased intracranial pressure, headaches, double vision, dizziness, bone and joint pain, hair loss, dermatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea and vomiting.
Can cause teratogenicity, and it should be avoided during pregnancy.

A

Vitamin A Excess

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2
Q

Retinal can be converted by the body to:

A

Retinoic Acid

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3
Q

Is synthesized by UV radiation of ergosterol in plants and fungi

A

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

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4
Q

Disrupts the mineralization of newly formed osteoid as a result of decreased calcium and phosphate availability and reduced osteoblast function

A

Calcitriol deficiency

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5
Q

Is a mixture of several compounds, known as tocopherols.

A

Vitamin E

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6
Q

Its is the most toxic of all vitamins

A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

Vitamin 1􏰎􏰏25-(OH)2D3 diffuse across the plasma membrane, and the fraction bound to DBP is transported actively by:

A

Megalin or Cubulin

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8
Q

Bind the 9- cis isomer only

A

Rexinoid Receptors (RXR)

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9
Q

Is a group of compounds that vary in the number of isoprenoid units in their side chain.

A

Vitamin K

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10
Q

Can be found in fish (D3), whereas that used for fortification is often D2 (ergocalciferol).

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

Is required for post-translational modification of coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X).

A

Vitamin K

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12
Q

All dietary forms of vitamin A are converted to ________ wich in turn, can be converted to __________

A

Retinol > Retinoic Acid

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13
Q

Produces the inactive 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25[OH]2D3).

A

CYP24A1 found in renal tubules, cartilage, intestine and placenta

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14
Q

b-carotene and other carotenoids that can be converted by the body into retinol are referred to as ________________

A

Provitamin A Carotenoids

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15
Q

Is secreted from the liver bound to serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and is taken up by cells via a membrane receptor.

A

Retinol

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16
Q

Who is the key 1-hydroxylase?

A

CYP27B1

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17
Q

Is synthesized in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.

A

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

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18
Q

Bind both all- trans-and 9- cis-retinoic acid

A

Retinoid Acid Receptors (RAR)

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19
Q

Vitamin D ingestion recommendation are:

A

600 IU/day for adults < 70 years, and 800 IU > 70 years.

Intake > 4,000 IU/day, could be a risk for heath

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20
Q

Its dietary sources are green leafy vegetables, fruits, dairy products, vegetable oils, and cereals.

A

Vitamin K

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21
Q

Is absorbed from the diet in the small intestine with lipids

A

Vitamin E

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22
Q

_____________ contains 10 of carboxylated residues, and all are required for this protein’s specific chelation of Ca2+ ions during its function in the coagulation process.

A

Prothrombin (factor II)

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23
Q

Is trasnported to the liver, where it is hydroxylated at the 25-position forming calcidiol

A

Vitamin D3

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24
Q

Type I results from abnormalities in the gene coding for 25(OH)D3-1-α- hydroxylase, and type II results from defective vitamin D receptors.

A

Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets

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25
Q

Antithrombotic drugs are:

A

Inhibitors of vitamin K action

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26
Q

The 1α-hydroxylase is stimulated by:

A

PTH, by low plasma concentrations of calcium or phosphate, and by calcitonin as well as by estrogens and by vitamin D deficiency.

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27
Q

Is also produced by the intestinal microflora.

A

Vitamin K

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28
Q

In premature infants, the deficiency of Vitamin E causes

A

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, and edema, as well as peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and ataxia.

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29
Q

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

A

Premature infants disease because of Vitamin K deficiency

30
Q

If a person takes in too much of a lipid soluble vitamin, over time they can have too much of that vitamin present in their body, a potentially dangerous condition called:

A

Hypervitaminosis

31
Q

Transported to cells bound to either albumin or a specific retinoic acid􏰋binding protein (RABP).

A

Retinoic Acid

32
Q

What can cause high doses of Vitamin D?

A

High doses result in hypervitaminosis D, deposition of Ca2+ in soft tissue (kidney, heart, lungs and vasculature), hypercalcinuria, and possible kidney stones.

33
Q

Warfarin

A

Inhibitor of vitamin K action

34
Q

The richest sources of naturally occurring vitamin E are:

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.

35
Q

Develops when growing bones fail to mineralize or can be cause nutritionally by inadequate intake of nutrients (vitamin D in particular)

A

Rickets

36
Q

Name the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency

A 
Easy or excessive bleeding
Easy or excessive bruising
Nosebleeds
Bleeding gums
Blood in urine and stools
Extremely heavy menstrual bleeding 
Liver damage or disease 
Low Bone Density 
Arterial Calcification
37
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins are considered to be hormones rather than vitamins since they do not play coenzymatic functions, with the exception of: ________________

A

Vitamine K

38
Q

Is involved in immune function, cellular signaling, and gene expression.

A

Vitamin E

39
Q

Esterified in the liver by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase and stored in the form of retinyl esters (retinol palmitate), bound to the cytosolic retinol-binding proteins (CRBP).

A

Vitamin A

40
Q

The synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 from 25(OH)D3 is stimulated by__________ and suppressed by_____________.

A

Parathyroid

hormone (PTH), Ca2+, Pi and 1,25(OH)2D3 itself.

41
Q

Is important in role in growth, differentiation, and proliferation of cells; in embryonic development and organogenesis; and also in the maintenance of epithelia.

A

Retinoic Acid

42
Q

Rarely, deficiency may develop in those with liver disease or fat malabsorption.

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

43
Q

Its deficiency produces defective epithelialization and corneal softening and opacity (keratomalacia).

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

44
Q

Is a signaling molecule. It interacts with ligand-activated transcription factors, known as the nuclear retinoid receptors.

A

Retinoic Acid

45
Q

Deficiency causes bleeding disorders

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

46
Q

How are transported and absorbed the lipid soluble vitamins vitamins?

A

Absorbed as mixed micelles and transported as chylomicrons that travel through the lymphatic system of the small intestines and into the general blood circulation within the body.

47
Q

It protects lipids from oxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS).

A

Vitamin E

48
Q

Maintain normocalcemia through optimizing intestinal calcium absorption, even at the expense of skeletal mineralization.

A

Vitamin D Central Role

49
Q

Vitamin D3 binds to ________ so he can be transported to liver.

A

Vitamin D-binding protein

50
Q

Ninety percent of vitamin E present in human tissues is in the form of: _____________

A

α-tocopherol

51
Q

Which health outcomes has been linked to low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy?

A

Preeclampsia, low birth weight, neonatal hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases

52
Q

Deficiency presents as night blindness

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

53
Q

Is the most potent of the vitamin D metabolites because is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR)

A

Calcitriol

54
Q

Vitamin D is stored in the body as:

A

25-OHD3 (half life about 20-29 days)

55
Q

Deficit in the lipid soluble vitamins can be caused by:

A

Low fat intake, compromised fat absorption or cystic fibrosis

56
Q

Over consumption of Vitamin D, because calcium deposits, can cause damage to elastic fibers and smooth muscle leading the patient to:

A

Atherosclerosis

57
Q

_______ is a generic term

for retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Retinal and retinoic acid are their active forms

A

Vitamin A

58
Q

Vitamin K circulates as _______, and its hepatic stores are in the form of __________.

A

Phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinones (vitamin K2)

59
Q

Is synthesized in the skin by ultraviolet (UV) radiation

A

Vitamin D

60
Q

Its deficiency produces rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

A

Vitamin D

61
Q

VDR regulates genes for the regulation of:

A

Cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.

62
Q

Rate limiting step in catabolism of vitamin D3 is mediated by :

A

24-hydroxylase (24-OHase)

63
Q

The gut of the newborn is sterile; therefore for several days after birth, there is no source of: ___________

A

Vitamin K

64
Q

Is stored in the liver and needs to be transported to its sites of action, can provide 1 year’s supply

A

Vitamin A

65
Q

Modulates growth, participates in immune function, and is antiinflammatory.

A

Vitamin D

66
Q

In the renal tubules, calcidiol is further hydroxylated at the 1-position to form: _______________

A

Calcitriol

67
Q

Is a hormone, and in addition to its role in calcium homeostasis, it influences genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

A

Vitamin D

68
Q

Is the most important 25- hydroxylase

A

CYP2R1

69
Q

Virtually ensures that dietary deficiency does not occur in humans, except for newborn infants.

A

Vitamin K supply by the intestinal microflora

70
Q

Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts

A

Calcitriol & PTH

71
Q

Upregulates gut Ca2+ channel TRPV6, the intracellular transporter calbindin D, and the calcium pump PMCA1b, increasing the transport of Ca 2+ from enterocytes to plasma.

A

Vitamin D3

72
Q

The most abundant natural antioxidant, and because of its lipid solubility, it is associated with all lipid-containing structures: membranes, lipoproteins, and fat deposits.

A

Vitamin E

GI Tract Biochem (7 decks)

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